Financial Feasibility Analysis of Residential Rainwater Harvesting in Maringá, Brazil
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. RWH Systems Simulation
2.3. Financial Feasibility Analysis
2.3.1. Initial Outlay
2.3.2. Operation and Maintenance
2.3.3. Financial Benefit
2.3.4. Lifespan
2.3.5. Feasibility Indicators
3. Results
3.1. Rainfall Data
3.2. RWH Systems Simulation
3.3. Financial Feasibility Analysis
3.3.1. Initial Outlay
3.3.2. Operational Cost
3.3.3. Feasibility Indicators
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameter | Unit | Input Value |
---|---|---|
Rainwater distribution | - | Indirect 1; Direct 2 |
Runoff coefficient | % | 80 |
Roof area | m2 | 100, 200 and 300 |
Number of dwellers | inhabitant | 2, 4 and 6 |
Total water demand | L/inhab.day | 150 |
Rainwater demand (% of total water demand) | % | 30, 50 and 70 |
First-flush discharge | mm | 2 |
Upper tank size | L | 1 Variable, 2 zero |
Lower tank size | L | 1000–50,000 (at intervals of 1000) |
Tank Size (L) | Catchment Area | ||
---|---|---|---|
100 m2 | 200 m2 | 300 m2 | |
3000 | BRL 9696.27 | BRL 10,663.95 | BRL 11,412.88 |
4000 | BRL 10,539.29 | BRL 11,506.97 | BRL 12,255.90 |
5000 | BRL 11,439.27 | BRL 12,406.95 | BRL 13,155.88 |
6000 | BRL 12,339.35 | BRL 13,307.03 | BRL 14,055.96 |
7000 | BRL 13,289.68 | BRL 14,257.36 | BRL 15,006.29 |
8000 | BRL 14,290.26 | BRL 15,257.94 | BRL 16,006.87 |
9000 | BRL 15,341.09 | BRL 16,308.77 | BRL 17,057.71 |
Catchment Area (m2) | Tanks (%) | Plumbing (%) | Civil Works (%) | Rain Collection (%) | Electrical System (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
100 | 26.18 | 22.68 | 20.94 | 18.84 | 11.35 |
200 | 24.32 | 20.97 | 19.41 | 24.79 | 10.50 |
300 | 23.06 | 19.82 | 18.37 | 28.82 | 9.92 |
Catchment Area (m2) | Tanks (%) | Plumbing (%) | Civil Works (%) | Rain Collection (%) | Electrical System (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
100 | 24.58 | 20.98 | 21.36 | 14.21 | 18.87 |
200 | 22.84 | 19.44 | 19.75 | 13.14 | 24.83 |
300 | 21.66 | 18.40 | 18.66 | 12.42 | 28.87 |
Rainwater Demand (m3/Month) | Tank Size (L) | Potential for Potable Water Savings (%) | Discounted Payback (Months) | Net Present Value (BRL) | Internal Rate of Return (% Monthly) | Monthly Operational Cost (BRL) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2.7 | 5000 | 29.81 | - | −11,419.39 | −0.743 | 2.75 |
4.5 | 6000 | 47.69 | - | −11,706.92 | −0.533 | 1.79 |
6.3 | 6000 | 62.70 | - | −12,867.35 | −0.602 | 1.29 |
5.4 | 6000 | 27.69 | 257 | 4353.07 | 0.685 | 1.50 |
9.0 | 8000 | 42.42 | 194 | 10,750.24 | 0.871 | 1.05 |
12.6 | 7000 | 50.04 | 170 | 12,998.64 | 0.967 | 0.70 |
8.1 | 7000 | 25.76 | 187 | 10,797.61 | 0.897 | 1.08 |
13.5 | 7000 | 34.40 | 134 | 19,418.89 | 1.159 | 0.66 |
18.9 | 6000 | 37.34 | 112 | 23,410.29 | 1.322 | 0.44 |
2.7 | 4000 | 29.67 | - | −11,258.46 | −0.646 | 2.76 |
4.5 | 5000 | 48.17 | - | −11,764.25 | −0.531 | 1.80 |
6.3 | 6000 | 65.91 | - | −12,915.10 | −0.611 | 1.39 |
5.4 | 6000 | 28.82 | 268 | 3996.48 | 0.659 | 1.61 |
9.0 | 7000 | 45.05 | 182 | 12,168.13 | 0.915 | 1.10 |
12.6 | 8000 | 59.31 | 177 | 13,792.46 | 0.936 | 0.85 |
8.1 | 7000 | 27.56 | 187 | 11,507.62 | 0.895 | 1.16 |
13.5 | 8000 | 41.52 | 137 | 23,084.25 | 1.143 | 0.76 |
18.9 | 9000 | 53.02 | 107 | 33,650.63 | 1.386 | 0.58 |
2.7 | 4000 | 29.69 | - | −12,351.61 | −0.801 | 2.94 |
4.5 | 5000 | 48.48 | - | −12,606.90 | −0.566 | 1.91 |
6.3 | 6000 | 66.63 | - | −13,770.22 | −0.649 | 1.46 |
5.4 | 6000 | 29.01 | 285 | 3274.30 | 0.624 | 1.70 |
9.0 | 7000 | 46.14 | 189 | 11,944.54 | 0.890 | 1.10 |
12.6 | 8000 | 61.65 | 198 | 12,269.93 | 0.856 | 0.85 |
8.1 | 7000 | 28.12 | 194 | 11,213.78 | 0.869 | 1.22 |
13.5 | 9000 | 44.15 | 134 | 24,843.90 | 1.160 | 0.84 |
18.9 | 9000 | 56.44 | 105 | 35,879.60 | 1.401 | 0.61 |
Rainwater Demand (m3/Month) | Tank Size (L) | Potential for Potable Water Savings (%) | Discounted Payback (Months) | Net Present Value (BRL) | Internal Rate of Return (% Monthly) | Monthly Operational Cost (BRL) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2.7 | 6000 | 29.81 | - | −10,949.11 | −0.716 | 2.65 |
4.5 | 6000 | 47.65 | - | −11,236.65 | −0.512 | 1.73 |
6.3 | 7000 | 63.72 | - | −12,397.08 | −0.581 | 1.25 |
5.4 | 9000 | 27.64 | 247 | 4823.35 | 0.710 | 1.45 |
9.0 | 8000 | 42.29 | 187 | 11,220.52 | 0.895 | 1.02 |
12.6 | 7000 | 49.83 | 164 | 13,468.91 | 0.995 | 0.68 |
8.1 | 9000 | 25.68 | 180 | 11,267.89 | 0.924 | 1.05 |
13.5 | 9000 | 34.25 | 130 | 19,889.16 | 1.191 | 0.64 |
18.9 | 6000 | 36.95 | 109 | 23,880.56 | 1.361 | 0.43 |
2.7 | 5000 | 29.66 | - | −10,788.19 | −0.622 | 2.67 |
4.5 | 5000 | 48.10 | - | −11,293.98 | −0.511 | 1.74 |
6.3 | 6000 | 65.80 | - | −12,444.82 | −0.590 | 1.35 |
5.4 | 7000 | 28.77 | 258 | 4466.75 | 0.682 | 1.56 |
9.0 | 7000 | 44.94 | 176 | 12,638.41 | 0.940 | 1.07 |
12.6 | 8000 | 59.08 | 172 | 14,262.73 | 0.960 | 0.83 |
8.1 | 9000 | 27.50 | 181 | 11,977.89 | 0.920 | 1.13 |
13.5 | 9000 | 42.18 | 133 | 23,554.52 | 1.169 | 0.74 |
18.9 | 7000 | 52.70 | 104 | 34,120.91 | 1.416 | 0.57 |
2.7 | 4000 | 29.68 | - | −11,881.33 | −0.773 | 2.84 |
4.5 | 4000 | 48.41 | - | −12,136.63 | −0.546 | 1.85 |
6.3 | 5000 | 66.53 | - | −13,299.95 | −0.629 | 1.42 |
5.4 | 6000 | 28.97 | 275 | 3744.57 | 0.646 | 1.65 |
9.0 | 6000 | 46.01 | 183 | 12,414.81 | 0.914 | 1.07 |
12.6 | 6000 | 62.53 | 192 | 12,740.20 | 0.877 | 0.83 |
8.1 | 7000 | 28.06 | 188 | 11,684.05 | 0.892 | 1.19 |
13.5 | 7000 | 43.97 | 131 | 25,314.18 | 1.185 | 0.82 |
18.9 | 7000 | 56.08 | 102 | 36,349.87 | 1.430 | 0.60 |
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Istchuk, R.N.; Ghisi, E. Financial Feasibility Analysis of Residential Rainwater Harvesting in Maringá, Brazil. Sustainability 2022, 14, 12859. https://doi.org/10.3390/su141912859
Istchuk RN, Ghisi E. Financial Feasibility Analysis of Residential Rainwater Harvesting in Maringá, Brazil. Sustainability. 2022; 14(19):12859. https://doi.org/10.3390/su141912859
Chicago/Turabian StyleIstchuk, Rodrigo Novais, and Enedir Ghisi. 2022. "Financial Feasibility Analysis of Residential Rainwater Harvesting in Maringá, Brazil" Sustainability 14, no. 19: 12859. https://doi.org/10.3390/su141912859