Roadmap to Profitability for a Speed-Controlled Micro-Hydro Storage System Using Pumps as Turbines
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Concept and Initial Data
2.2. Map Calculation
2.2.1. Calculation of Turbine Characteristics at Nominal Speed
2.2.2. Extension of Turbine Maps
2.3. Simulation Model
2.4. Finding the Optimal Site for Each PAT and Scaling Factor
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Pumps Investigated
3.2. Specific Costs
3.3. Total Efficiency
3.4. Average Electrical Pump Efficiency
3.5. Average Electrical Turbine Efficiency
3.6. Head
3.7. Levelized Cost of Electricity
4. Simulation Results for Various Scaling Factors Using the Example of the KSB 8065200
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Nomenclature
Symbol/Abbreviation | Interpretation |
sum of costs | |
nominal pipeline diameter | |
possible energy sales proceeds | |
Darcy friction factor | |
gravitational acceleration | |
head | |
geodetic head | |
head of the idle point | |
arithmetic average value of the head | |
head at nominal speed | |
optimized head | |
head at the best efficiency point | |
head corresponding to the respective speed | |
turbine head | |
discount rate | |
investment costs | |
investment for motor and frequency inverter | |
pump investment | |
nominal power (PV) | |
levelized cost of energy | |
pipeline length | |
torque | |
rpm | |
nominal speed | |
specific speed | |
operating and maintenance costs | |
hydraulic power | |
power demand (consumer) | |
nominal output | |
power at nominal speed | |
maximum power in pump mode | |
pump power | |
electrical pump power | |
PV power | |
power corresponding to the respective speed | |
turbine power | |
electrical turbine power | |
mechanical turbine power | |
power loss | |
PV power | |
flow rate | |
flow rate of the idle point | |
arithmetic average value of the flow rate | |
maximum flow rate | |
minimum flow rate | |
flow rate at nominal speed | |
flow rate at the best efficiency point | |
flow rate corresponding to the respective speed | |
turbine flow rate | |
reinvestment costs | |
residual values | |
scaling factor for the annual energy demand | |
scaling factor for PV power | |
period of time | |
volume flow | |
storage capacity | |
optimized volume of the storage | |
grid energy | |
total energy input | |
annual energy demand | |
total energy output | |
annual energy production of the PV system | |
Greek letters | Interpretation |
total dynamic loss coefficient of fittings | |
efficiency | |
electrical efficiency | |
average electrical pump efficiency | |
average electrical turbine efficiency | |
best efficiency point | |
best pump efficiency given by the manufacturer | |
specific speed | |
turbine efficiency | |
total efficiency | |
mechanical turbine efficiency | |
density |
Appendix A
- For the first variant, the BEP in turbine operation is determined from the BEP data of the pump using the following empirical formulas:
- For the second variant, the BEP in turbine operation is also calculated from the BEP of the pump using another set of empirical formulas:
- Gülich states that both methods (Equations (A1)–(A4)) can also be used and an arithmetic mean can be formed from them. When comparing the calculations with the characteristic diagrams given by the manufacturer, the arithmetic mean of the values has proven to be the best method, which is why this is used in our calculations. The the arithmetic average value and is calculated from both variants as well as the determination of the specific speed of the turbine via the formulas:
- To determine the turbine characteristic curve at the nominal speed , the no-load characteristic curve, which at the same time represents the lower limit of the characteristic diagram. The no-load point , are calculated according to Equation (A8). For this, the specific speed of the pump is required.
- Calculation of the idle point , for the nominal speed :
- For the approximation of the turbine characteristic () the characteristic curve runs as a parabola through the BEP of the turbine. The head depends on the flow and is calculated using the following formula:
- Calculation of the idle speed characteristic curve (LLK):
- Calculation of the turbine efficiency for the nominal speed:
- The turbine power can then be calculated using the following formula:
Appendix B
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0.5 | 0.8 | 1.0 | 1.2 | 1.5 | 2.0 | 3.0 | 4.0 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[MWh] | 22 | 34 | 43 | 52 | 65 | 86 | 129 | 172 |
[MWh] | 35 | 55 | 69 | 83 | 103 | 138 | 207 | 276 |
Pump | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
F065-200A-1102H 1 | 11.0 kW | 71.1% | 64.2% | 58.5% | 37.5% | 3347 € | 9323 € |
EST 65-160 2 | 15.0 kW | 80.9% | 67.6% | 58.9% | 38.7% | 4246 € | 7343 € |
F080-255A-1502H 1 | 15.0 kW | 75.4% | 63.6% | 56.0% | 35.3% | 3419 € | 10,475 € |
KSB 50160174 2 | 15.0 kW | 76.0% | 67.7% | 62.3% | 42.1% | 3808 € | 11,575 € |
F080-255A-1852H 1 | 18.5 kW | 75.9% | 64.7% | 57.5% | 37.1% | 4420 € | 12,372 € |
F080-255A-2202H 1 | 22.0 kW | 78.4% | 65.9% | 60.9% | 40.1% | 4699 € | 14,348 € |
F080-240A-2202H 1 | 22.0 kW | 82.3% | 69.3% | 53.8% | 37.2% | 4377 € | 13,864 € |
F080-330A-2204H 1 | 22.0 kW | 78.1% | 63.2% | 56.1% | 35.4% | 4893 € | 15,585 € |
KSB 8065200 3 | 30.0 kW | 80.9% | 65.2% | 58.6% | 38.2% | 2579 € | 12,022 € |
F080-255A-3002H 1 | 30.0 kW | 79.2% | 63.1% | 59.1% | 37.2% | 4999 € | 17,465 € |
F080-255A-3702H 1 | 37.0 kW | 79.3% | 62.4% | 61.1% | 38.1% | 4871 € | 18,334 € |
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Lugauer, F.J.; Kainz, J.; Gehlich, E.; Gaderer, M. Roadmap to Profitability for a Speed-Controlled Micro-Hydro Storage System Using Pumps as Turbines. Sustainability 2022, 14, 653. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14020653
Lugauer FJ, Kainz J, Gehlich E, Gaderer M. Roadmap to Profitability for a Speed-Controlled Micro-Hydro Storage System Using Pumps as Turbines. Sustainability. 2022; 14(2):653. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14020653
Chicago/Turabian StyleLugauer, Florian Julian, Josef Kainz, Elena Gehlich, and Matthias Gaderer. 2022. "Roadmap to Profitability for a Speed-Controlled Micro-Hydro Storage System Using Pumps as Turbines" Sustainability 14, no. 2: 653. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14020653