Research on the Coordinated Development of Economic Development and Ecological Environment of Nine Provinces (Regions) in the Yellow River Basin
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Materials
3.2. Methods
4. Results
4.1. The Spatiotemporal Pattern of the Yellow River Basin’s Economic Index
- Change characteristics of the economic index: The average economic index of the Yellow River Basin (Figure 2) and the economic index of the Yellow River Basin in each year (Figure 3) were generated through light data processing. The economic index of the Yellow River Basin in 2005 was 0.00010–1.65340, the economic index in 2010 was 0.00019–1.76513, the economic index in 2015 was 0.00112–3.33750 and the economic index in 2020 was 0.00291–5.0547. In general, the economic index of the Yellow River Basin based on nighttime light data showed a steady upward trend. Among them, the economic index from 2005 to 2010 had a small increase, and the economic growth of the Yellow River Basin was relatively slow during this period; from 2010 to 2015, the economic index of the Yellow River Basin increased significantly regardless of the maximum value or the minimum value. At this stage, the economy of the Yellow River Basin was developing rapidly; from 2015 to 2020, the minimum value of the economic index in the Yellow River Basin changed little, and the maximum value increased significantly. This shows that the economically developed regions are growing rapidly, while the less developed regions have little economic change, and then the regional differences are further widened.
- 2.
- Spatial distribution characteristics of the economic index: It can be seen from Figure 2 that the economic index in the Yellow River Basin generally showed a trend of high in the east and low in the west, and high in the south and low in the north. The areas with a high economic index were concentrated in the eastern region, which is consistent with the actual situation of the economic development level in the eastern region. In the west, Chengdu, Yinchuan, Xi’an and other provincial capitals had high light densities, while other cities were at lower densities, indicating that the western economy is in poorer condition. In addition, the large area of the western cities is one of the reasons for its low light density. It is worth mentioning that Wuhai City in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region had a high economic index, which is related to the small area of the city. Secondly, Wuhai City is rich in natural resources, which promotes local economic development.
4.2. Temporal and Spatial Pattern of NPP in the Yellow River Basin
- Through calculations, the NPP of the Yellow River Basin in 2005, 2010, 2015 and 2020 was 399.946 gC·m−2·a−1, 366.798 gC·m−2·a−1, 415.639 gC·m−2·a−1 and 410.667 gC·m−2·a−1, respectively, showing a rising trend in general. Combined with Figure 4, it was found that from 2005 to 2010, the minimum and maximum values of the NPP in the Yellow River Basin decreased significantly, mainly because the extensive economic development pattern at that time caused damage to the ecological environment; the minimum value of the NPP in the Yellow River Basin from 2010 to 2015 was unchanged and the maximum value showed an upward trend. At this stage, the Yellow River Basin had transformed the economic development mode, the ecological environment had been effectively improved and the ecological environment of the region with a better ecological background continued to improve; from 2015 to 2020, the NPP in the Yellow River Basin was the smallest. The value increased, and the maximum value changed less. This shows that at this stage, the areas with poor ecological backgrounds began to focus on ecological construction, so that the NPP value of such areas was improved.
- 2.
- From Figure 5, it can be concluded that the mean NPP of the Yellow River Basin showed was high in the south and low in the north. The high-value areas of the NPP were Ya’an City, the Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture and Panzhihua City. These cities are all part of Sichuan Province and have good climatic conditions with relatively abundant precipitation. Good natural conditions provide an excellent foundation for plant growth. The areas with low NPP values were mainly located in the inland areas, such as Wuhai, Golmud and Alashan League. Due to the arid climate, the terrain here is dominated by desert and sandy land, and the vegetation is sparse, so the NPP in this area is low.
4.3. Evaluation of the Economy and Ecology Coordination Relationship in the Yellow River Basin
- Spatial distribution of the ecological value: In 2020, the ecological value of the Yellow River Basin was 2387.5 billion yuan, accounting for 9.75% of the Yellow River Basin’s GDP in 2020. The Garze Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture and Aba Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture had the highest ecological value, all above 75 billion yuan; Wuhai, Jiayuguan and Jiyuan had the lowest ecological value, all below 1.4 billion yuan. In 2020, the average ecological value per unit area of the Yellow River Basin was 891,536.856 yuan/km2, and the ecological value per unit area of Ya’an, the Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture and Panzhihua ranked top three, of which Ya’an had the highest unit ecological value, which was 1,827,897.499 yuan/km2; the ecological value per unit area of Wuhai, Golmud and the Yushu Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture was the lowest, and the ecological value per unit area of Wuhai was the lowest, which was 198,099.6844 yuan/km2. Overall, the spatial distribution of the ecological values was high in the south and low in the northwest.
- The coordinated development degree of the ecology and economy in the Yellow River Basin (Figure 6): The economic and ecological coordination degrees of the Yellow River Basin in 2005, 2010, 2015 and 2020 were calculated, and they were 0.1757, 0.1873, 0.2204 and 0.2529, respectively, which were in a serious imbalance stage. Overall, the degree of ecological and economic coordination in the Yellow River Basin had not changed much, showing a steady upward trend. In 2020, the economic and ecological coordination of the Yellow River Basin was the most coordinated, with a coordination degree of 0.2529. From 2005 to 2010, the coordination degree of the Yellow River Basin had the smallest increase, and the coordination state was still in the category of serious imbalance and decline. From 2010 to 2015, the coordination degree of the Yellow River Basin improved the most, and the type of coordination degree also changed into the category of moderate imbalance and decline. From 2015 to 2020, although the coordination degree of the Yellow River Basin was still in the category of moderate imbalance and decline, the ecological and economic coordination degree continued to rise, indicating that the ecological environment of the Yellow River Basin was improving.
- Temporal and spatial changes in ecological and economic harmonization (Table 2): In general, the degree of ecological and economic coupling and coordination among cities in the Yellow River Basin was mostly within the range of unbalanced and attenuated coupling (Figure 7). However, there was an upward trend in the economic and ecological coordination of most cities in the basin from 2005 to 2020. The cities whose coupling coordination interval was in the deregulation and degeneration category decreased from 107 in 2005 to 77 in 2020, and most of them were in the moderate deregulation degeneration category in 2020. In 2020, Chengdu’s ecological and economic coupling coordination degree was the highest, at 0.5194, reaching the barely coupling coordination category. However, the Yushu Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, which had the lowest level of coupling coordination, had been in a state of serious imbalance. Although the Yushu Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture is rich in plant resources, its economic level is low, so the ecological economy is extremely incongruous.
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
6.1. Conclusion
6.2. Policy Enlightenment
6.3. Future Research
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Coupling Coordination Degree (D) | Coupling Coordination Interval | Coupling Coordination State |
0 < D ≤ 0.1 | dissonance decline | Extreme derangement |
0.1 < D ≤ 0.2 | Severe derangement | |
0.2 < D ≤ 0.3 | Moderate dissonance decline | |
0.3 < D ≤ 0.4 | transitional reconciliation | Mild derangement |
0.4 < D ≤ 0.5 | On the verge of deficient decline | |
0.5 < D ≤ 0.6 | Barely coupled coordination class | |
0.6 < D ≤ 0.7 | low coordination | Primary coupling coordination class |
0.7 < D ≤ 0.8 | Intermediate coupling coordination class | |
0.8 < D ≤ 0.9 | highly coordinated | Well-coupled coordination class |
0.9 < D ≤ 1.0 | High-quality coupling coordination class |
Type | Number of Prefectures and Cities in 2005 | Number of Prefectures and Cities in 2010 | Number of Prefectures and Cities in 2015 | Number of Prefectures and Cities in 2020 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Extreme derangement | 19 | 14 | 11 | 8 |
Severe derangement | 49 | 47 | 29 | 24 |
Moderate dissonance decline | 39 | 45 | 62 | 45 |
Mild derangement | 8 | 9 | 10 | 33 |
On the verge of deficient decline | 0 | 0 | 3 | 4 |
Barely coupled coordination class | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
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Zhang, Z.; Li, H.; Cao, Y. Research on the Coordinated Development of Economic Development and Ecological Environment of Nine Provinces (Regions) in the Yellow River Basin. Sustainability 2022, 14, 13102. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142013102
Zhang Z, Li H, Cao Y. Research on the Coordinated Development of Economic Development and Ecological Environment of Nine Provinces (Regions) in the Yellow River Basin. Sustainability. 2022; 14(20):13102. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142013102
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Zhongwu, Huimin Li, and Yongjian Cao. 2022. "Research on the Coordinated Development of Economic Development and Ecological Environment of Nine Provinces (Regions) in the Yellow River Basin" Sustainability 14, no. 20: 13102. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142013102