Sustained Social Entrepreneurship: The Moderating Roles of Prior Experience and Networking Ability
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review and Hypotheses Development
2.1. Empathy
2.2. Moral Obligation
2.3. Self-Efficacy
2.4. Social Support
2.5. Prior Experience
2.6. Networking Ability
2.7. Social Entrepreneurship Intentions
2.8. Empathy and SEIs
2.9. MO and SEIs
2.10. SE and SEIs
2.11. SS and SEIs
2.12. The Moderating Role of NA
2.13. The Moderating Role of Prior Experience
3. Methodology
3.1. Sample and Data Collection
3.2. Measures
3.2.1. Empathy
3.2.2. Moral Obligation
3.2.3. Self-Efficacy
3.2.4. Perceived Social Support
3.2.5. Social Entrepreneurial Intentions
3.3. Moderating Variables
3.3.1. Networking Ability
3.3.2. Prior Experience
3.4. Control Variables
3.5. Validity Check
4. Results
5. Discussion
5.1. Theoretical Implications
5.2. Practical Implications
5.3. Study Limitations
5.4. Conclusions and Suggestions for Further Studies
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Category | Frequency | Percentage | Mean | SD |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Social entrepreneurship training | None | 85 | 27% | 1.726 | 1.542 |
1–3 | 195 | 62% | |||
4–6 | 30 | 9.5% | |||
7 and above | 5 | 1.6% | |||
Gender | Male | 170 | 54.0% | 1.556 | 0.491 |
Female | 136 | 43.2% | |||
Religion | Non-religious | 15 | 4.8% | 2.438 | 0.556 |
Islam | 123 | 39.0% | |||
Christianity | 134 | 42.5% | |||
Economic status | Not comfortable at all (Very poor) | 8 | 2.5% | 3.2 | 0.839 |
Not comfortable (Poor) | 30 | 9.5% | |||
Fair (Average) | 192 | 61.0% | |||
Fairly comfortable (Rich) | 43 | 13.7% | |||
Very comfortable (Very rich) | 32 | 10.2% | |||
Age distribution | 20.0 | 1 | 0.3% | 26.87 | 2.124 |
21.0 | 1 | 0.3% | |||
22.0 | 5 | 1.6% | |||
23.0 | 15 | 4.8% | |||
24.0 | 22 | 7.0% | |||
25.0 | 25 | 7.9% | |||
26.0 | 37 | 11.7% | |||
26.9 | 90 | 28.6% | |||
27.0 | 26 | 8.3% | |||
28.0 | 21 | 6.7% | |||
29.0 | 31 | 9.8% | |||
30.0 | 32 | 10.2% | |||
31.0 | 5 | 1.6% | |||
32.0 | 2 | 0.6% | |||
33.0 | 2 | 0.6% | |||
Higher institution attended | Other higher institutions | 15 | 4.8% | 2.687 | 0.547 |
Polytechnic | 63 | 20.0% | |||
University | 219 | 69.5% |
Factor | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | SD | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | CR | AVE | |
1. Empathy | 0.90 | 0.76 | |||||||||
EMP1 | 4.47 | 0.64 | 0.86 | ||||||||
EMP2 | 4.24 | 0.68 | 0.91 | ||||||||
EMP3 | 3.93 | 0.68 | 0.83 | ||||||||
2.Moral Obligation | 0.91 | 0.71 | |||||||||
MO1 | 4.26 | 0.67 | 0.91 | ||||||||
MO2 | 4.67 | 0.61 | 0.74 | ||||||||
MO3 | 4.02 | 0.70 | 0.89 | ||||||||
MO4 | 3.60 | 0.73 | 0.82 | ||||||||
3. Social Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy | 0.90 | 0.74 | |||||||||
SE1 | 4.02 | 0.66 | 0.84 | ||||||||
SE2 | 4.57 | 0.61 | 0.85 | ||||||||
SE3 | 4.30 | 0.65 | 0.90 | ||||||||
4. Perceived Social Support 0 | 0.92 | 0.78 | |||||||||
SS1 | 3.79 | 0.74 | 0.92 | ||||||||
SS2 | 3.51 | 0.73 | 0.87 | ||||||||
SS3 | 4.08 | 0.69 | 0.86 | ||||||||
5. Social Entrepreneurial Intent | 0.90 | 0.75 | |||||||||
SEI1 | 3.67 | 0.66 | 0.84 | ||||||||
SEI2 | 4.21 | 0.76 | 0.89 | ||||||||
SEI3 | 3.37 | 0.77 | 0.87 | ||||||||
6. Networking Ability | 0.94 | 0.75 | |||||||||
NA1 | 4.07 | 0.79 | 0.91 | ||||||||
NA2 | 3.21 | 0.75 | 0.90 | ||||||||
NA3 | 3.43 | 0.77 | 0.88 | ||||||||
NA4 | 4.10 | 0.88 | 0.78 | ||||||||
NA5 | 3.74 | 0.82 | 0.83 | ||||||||
7. Prior Experience | 0.94 | 0.84 | |||||||||
PE1 | 3.51 | 0.74 | 0.90 | ||||||||
PE2 | 4.03 | 0.93 | 0.93 | ||||||||
PE3 | 3.25 | 0.80 | 0.93 |
Mean | S.D. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Trainings (1) | 1.73 | 1.54 | 1 | ||||||||||||
Gender (2) | 1.57 | 0.49 | −0.120 * | 1 | |||||||||||
Religion (3) | 2.44 | 0.56 | 0.068 | −0.036 | 1 | ||||||||||
EcoStat (4) | 3.2 | 0.84 | 0.111 * | 0.013 | −0.141 * | 1 | |||||||||
Age (5) | 26.87 | 2.12 | 0.027 | −0.128 * | −0.003 | −0.035 | 1 | ||||||||
InstAttend (6) | 2.69 | 0.55 | −0.005 | −0.025 | −0.049 | 0.019 | −0.047 | 1 | |||||||
Empathy (7) | 10.44 | 2.65 | 0.121 * | −0.013 | −0.169 ** | −0.034 | 0.009 | 0.041 | 1 | ||||||
Moral Obligation (8) | 12.64 | 2.35 | 0.090 | −0.008 | −0.041 | −0.021 | 0.062 | −0.078 | 0.251 ** | 1 | |||||
Self−Efficacy (9) | 16.22 | 2.68 | 0.046 | −0.009 | −0.098 | 0.059 | 0.083 | −0.031 | 0.241 ** | 0.348 ** | 1 | ||||
Perceived Social Support (10) | 12.68 | 2.03 | 0.136 * | −0.096 | −0.024 | 0.000 | 0.130 * | −0.062 | 0.110 | 0.184 ** | 0.315 ** | 1 | |||
PE (11) | 11.17 | 2.22 | 0.268 ** | −0.173 ** | −0.024 | 0.029 | 0.103 | 0.047 | 0.279 ** | 0.156 ** | 0.169 ** | 0.257 ** | 1 | ||
Networking Ability (12) | 10.87 | 2.41 | 0.238 ** | −0.130 * | 0.026 | 0.058 | 0.085 | −0.086 | 0.157 ** | 0.234 ** | 0.291 ** | 0.332 ** | 0.291 ** | 1 | |
Social Entrepreneurial Intentions (13) | 1.73 | 1.54 | 0.043 | −0.060 | −0.117 * | 0.052 | 0.021 | 0.025 | 0.164 ** | 0.230 ** | 0.310 ** | 0.189 ** | 0.165 ** | 0.268 ** | 1 |
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | Three-way Interaction | ||||||||||||||||||
Controls: | |||||||||||||||||||
Trainings | 0.040 | 0.018 | 0.019 | 0.026 | 0.016 | −0.020 | 0.001 | −0.047 | −0.011 | −0.044 | −0.012 | −0.025 | 0.001 | −0.030 | −0.015 | −0.062 | −0.058 | −0.039 | −0.054 |
Gender | −0.058 | −0.060 | −0.058 | −0.059 | −0.045 | −0.031 | −0.038 | −0.209 | −0.184 | −0.156 | −0.178 | −0.273 | −0.248 | −0.145 | −0.118 | −0.161 | −0.105 | −0.266 | −0.093 |
Religion | −0.117 * | −0.104 | −0.089 | −0.088 | −0.110 | −0.119 | −0.110 | −0.226 | −0.209 | −0.341 | −0.294 | −0.277 | −0.270 | −0.377 | −0.381 | −0.358 | −0.331 | −0.258 | −0.363 |
Economic Status | 0.032 | 0.041 | 0.043 | 0.019 | 0.035 | 0.021 | 0.033 | 0.052 | 0.081 | 0.09 | 0.1 | 0.036 | 0.039 | 0.075 | 0.08 | 0.048 | 0.068 | 0.032 | 0.073 |
Age | 0.014 | 0.001 | 0.013 | −0.011 | −0.007 | −0.004 | 0.001 | −0.012 | −0.013 | −0.006 | −0.010 | −0.021 | −0.02 | −0.019 | −0.012 | −0.021 | −0.018 | −0.026 | −0.022 |
Institution | 0.018 | 0.035 | 0.013 | 0.028 | 0.029 | 0.041 | 0.011 | 0.164 | −0.051 | 0.125 | −0.011 | 0.126 | 0.088 | 0.176 | 0.080 | 0.116 | 0.081 | 0.12 | 0.156 |
Predictors: | |||||||||||||||||||
Moral Obligation (MO) | 0.227 *** | −0.427 | −0.302 | −0.587 * | |||||||||||||||
Empathy (EMP) | 0.146 * | −0.035 | −0.284 | −0.23 | |||||||||||||||
Self−Efficacy (SE) | 0.300 *** | −0.759 * | −0.378 | −1.014 ** | |||||||||||||||
Perceived Social Support (PSS) | 0.183 ** | −0.432 | 0.250 | −0.330 | |||||||||||||||
Moderators: | |||||||||||||||||||
Networking Ability (NA) | 0.274 *** | −0.396 | 0.037 | −0.652 ** | −0.206 | −0.257 | 0.153 | −0.515 * | −0.255 | ||||||||||
Prior Experience (PE) | 0.154 ** | −0.654 * | −0.399 | −0.749 * | 0.202 | −0.436 | −0.382 | −0.48 | 0.265 | ||||||||||
Interaction Effects: | |||||||||||||||||||
IntMO1NA (MO ×NA) | 0.032 ** | −0.023 | |||||||||||||||||
IntMO2PE (MO × PE) | 0.046 * | 0.030 | |||||||||||||||||
IntEMP1NA (EMP × NA) | 0.009 | −0.002 | |||||||||||||||||
IntEMP2PE (EMP × PE) | 0.041 | 0.036 | |||||||||||||||||
IntSE2NA (SE × NA) | 0.059 ** | 0.047 * | |||||||||||||||||
IntSE2PE (SE × PE) | 0.065 * | 0.042 | |||||||||||||||||
IntPSS2NA (PSS × NA) | 0.03 | 0.033 * | |||||||||||||||||
IntPSS2PE (PSS × PE) | −0.009 | −0.017 |
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Obi-Anike, H.O.; Okafor, C.N.; Daniel, C.O.; Onodugo, I.J.; Ukpere, W.I.; Udoh, B.E. Sustained Social Entrepreneurship: The Moderating Roles of Prior Experience and Networking Ability. Sustainability 2022, 14, 13702. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142113702
Obi-Anike HO, Okafor CN, Daniel CO, Onodugo IJ, Ukpere WI, Udoh BE. Sustained Social Entrepreneurship: The Moderating Roles of Prior Experience and Networking Ability. Sustainability. 2022; 14(21):13702. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142113702
Chicago/Turabian StyleObi-Anike, Happiness Ozioma, Chikodili Nkiruka Okafor, Cross Ogohi Daniel, Ifeoma Joanes Onodugo, Wilfred I. Ukpere, and Ben Etim Udoh. 2022. "Sustained Social Entrepreneurship: The Moderating Roles of Prior Experience and Networking Ability" Sustainability 14, no. 21: 13702. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142113702