Digital Villages Construction Accelerates High-Quality Economic Development in Rural China through Promoting Digital Entrepreneurship
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Theoretical Analysis and Research Design
2.1. The Construction of a Mechanism Framework
- (a)
- Digital Villages construction helps to promote the dissemination of information in the market. The technology “Internet+” brought about by the construction can strengthen the exchange of information between regions and enhance the ability of farmers to use the information to connect with the market, which breaks the information barriers in urban and rural markets and domestic and foreign markets, helps rural digital entrepreneurship empower farmers to connect with a wider market, and finally expands the “upward” sales channels of rural products. Conversely, the development of rural digital industry entrepreneurial activities can also help farmers obtain more useful information in a shorter time, seizing the opportunity to change the traditional agricultural sales method and to develop new sales models. By expanding sales channels of agricultural products, their real income can be increased [27,28]. Zhao Tao et al. [29] also found through empirical testing that stimulating entrepreneurship can not only empower the high-quality development of the regional economy, but also help propel the integration of the digital economy and industry, finally creating more employment opportunities for the region.
- (b)
- Digital village construction is conducive to improving the digital infrastructure construction in rural areas. Digital supporting facilities, such as the rural Internet of Things, big data analysis, 5G, cloud computing and artificial intelligence, brought about by it will propel the application of advanced digital technologies in industries of rural areas, promote the upgrading and improvement of rural industrial technology, and equip rural digital industry entrepreneurial activities with advanced technology. It helps realize the digital transformation and the sustainability of traditional industries and the optimization of rural industrial structure [30].
- (c)
- The construction of digital villages can bring about the emergence and development of service industries related to digital industries. When digital industries-related industries in rural areas are driven by digital villages and industries with outdated production capacity are eliminated, traditional industries can also be upgraded and transformed with the emerging industries. The development of digital industries becomes an endogenous driving force for the healthy and coordinated development of rural agriculture [31]. It provides a solid industrial foundation for the development of rural digital industrial entrepreneurship, which eventually can promote the development of rural non-agricultural industries and optimize the structure of rural employment.
- (d)
- The construction of digital villages is beneficial to introduce talents with professional digital technology to rural areas. A large number of talents related to digital economy are required in the process of digital villages construction [1]. Under the support and guidance of the policy, local governments encourage timely training for local residents in rural areas to accumulate outstanding talents to provide sufficient human support [22] for rural digital entrepreneurship. With the launch of numerous innovation and entrepreneurship activities [32], new technologies, new products and new models have emerged successively, bringing more excellent and attractive jobs and promoting the return of high-quality talents to rural areas [33,34].
- (e)
- Digital villages construction can promote the upgrading of rural residents’ consumption structure. Rural consumption demand is an important foundation for the formation of the current domestic cycle in China. The construction has enriched channels for rural residents to obtain information, enabling them to have extensive access to modern digital technology and high-quality commodities. The new consumption demand released in rural can create new opportunities [35] and help the rural digital industrial entrepreneurship tap potential customer needs. The digital industry entrepreneurial activities will have a huge spillover effect [36] through the “acquaintance effect” in rural areas, driving surrounding areas to share development opportunities.
2.2. The Research Hypothesis of This Paper
3. Methodology and Materials
3.1. Model Building
3.2. Indicator Selection
- The development level of digital villages. As an important part of the construction of digital China, digital villages construction has diversified development goals. A single evaluation index cannot systematically reflect the development level of digital villages. Therefore, we measure the level of digital development by building a multi-dimensional indicator system. Based on the above theoretical analysis framework, references to relevant literature [47,48,49], and the availability of rural data at the province level, this paper constructs a multi-dimensional evaluation system consisting of seven secondary indicators, including agricultural production informatization, agricultural management informatization, informatization infrastructure construction, rural governance informatization, rural service informatization, regional development environment, and farmers’ informatization literacy. Besides, fourteen third-level indicators are also constructed (see Table 1). The development level of digital villages in 30 provinces (in addition to Tibet) in China from 2001 to 2020 were calculated, and the obtained results were recorded asTable 1. The evaluation index system of digital villages development and the high-quality development of rural economy.Table 1. The evaluation index system of digital villages development and the high-quality development of rural economy.
First-Level Indicator Second-Level Indicator Third-Level Indicator Indicator Properties the Construction of Digital Villages Agricultural production information agricultural machinery power (kw) + the number of people employed in scientific research and technical services + Agricultural management informatization the number of provincial demonstration family farms + county-level annual online retail sales (10,000 yuan) + the number of Taobao Villages + Informatization infrastructure construction domestic highway mileage + collection of books in public libraries (10,000 volumes) + county area telecommunications business income (10,000 yuan) + Rural governance informatization the capacity of online government affairs and the number of government websites + the ranking of the number of government websites − Rural service informatization the number of people engaging in information transmission, software and information technology services in non-private units + receipts from information service + Regional development environment per capita disposable income of rural residents + the index of Digital Financial Inclusion + total retail sales of consumer goods (100 million yuan) + Information literacy of farmers the number of broadband users at the end of the year (10,000 households) + the average number of mobile phones owned by rural residents per 100 households + the High-quality Development of Rural Economy Openness gross imports of agricultural products + gross value of agricultural exports + Regional coordination urban and rural disposable income ratio − urbanization rate + Ecological Green damage rate (crop affected area/total crop area) − the green coverage rate of the built-up area of the county + pesticide use intensity − Research and innovation number of inventions per capita + number of agricultural technicians per 10,000 rural population (number of agricultural technicians in public economic enterprises and institutions/total rural population) + Achievement sharing unemployment insurance rate + Engel’s coefficient of rural households − rural Minimum Living Security Expenditure + The Table is summarized by the authors.- (1)
- Agricultural production information and agricultural management informatization. The development of digital agriculture is an indispensable part of digital villages construction. We divide digital agriculture into agricultural production informatization and agricultural management informatization according to the production and sales of agricultural products. When the degree of informatization and digitization in agricultural production is higher, the labor force necessary for agricultural production will gradually be liberated, the corresponding mechanical power will gradually increase, and the liberated labor force can be transferred to the scientific and technological research and development and modern management of agricultural production [50]. With the improvement of the informatization and digitization of agricultural operations, large-scale and intensive production-oriented family farms will form in the county. The online retail sales of products in the county area will increase [51]. New farmers imitate and learn internally and finally promote the formation of Taobao villages that rely on special products to go out of the region.
- (2)
- Informatization infrastructure construction, rural governance informatization, rural service informatization and regional development environment. The construction of digital countryside is the key task of developing digital villages. The transformation of rural construction to digital development must improve the infrastructure in the countryside and promote the digitalization of rural government affairs to rural residents. Besides, the construction of e-government is of great significance [24]. Digital services can be more efficient. Finally, a good economic development environment is also an important part of the digital countryside [22]. The total number of books in the county, the popularity of Internet broadband, and the mileage of road construction can reflect the level of the infrastructure in rural areas of the province. The level of digital government affairs is represented by the usage of the capacity of online government affairs and the number of government websites. The informatization of rural services is carried out by examining the number of service employees in the information technology industry and receipts from information service. The appropriate regional development environment is represented by the commodity sales status, the index of Digital Financial Inclusion and farmers’ income status within the county.
- (3)
- Information literacy of famers. Economic development must adhere to the people-oriented [52]. The improvement of famers’ information is the basic task and the inevitable requirement for the sustainability of digital villages. To cultivate new generations with digital skills, farmers must use various conditions to obtain digital information resources. The emergence and development of modern technologies such as the Internet and information technology have enabled farmers in remote areas to draw useful information from the Internet [53]. As an important carrier of information dissemination on the Internet, the popularization of smart phones in rural areas has greatly improved the informatization quality of farmers.
- B.
- The high-quality development level of rural economy. Like the development goal of digital villages construction, the goal of high-quality rural economic development also has multi-dimensional characteristics. Thus, a corresponding indicator system must be constructed from its multiple attributes. Barror (2000) [56] points out that the quality of economic growth encompasses narrow growth indicators and social development indicators. In the new era, the growth mode of an innovation-driven economy, is an innovative, high-efficient, energy-saving, environmentally friendly, and high-value-added growth mode [12,57], which is defined as high-quality economic development can be the trend. As a result, this paper proposes five categories: opening-up, regional coordination, ecological green, scientific research innovation, and achievement sharing. The index system of the high-quality rural economic development consists of secondary indicators and twelve tertiary indicators (see Table 1). At the same time, the high-quality development level of rural economy in 30 provinces in China from 2001 to 2020 were measured, and the obtained digital rural development level was recorded as .
- (1)
- Open to the outside world. Openness is the only way to achieve high-quality economic development. At some level, the proportion of imports and exports in GDP can reflect the level of economic development of a region [8]. The larger the proportion of imports and exports in GDP, the higher the level of economic development and the wider the degree of regional opening. This paper examines the degree of opening-up in rural areas through the import and export volume of agricultural products in rural areas.
- (2)
- Regional coordination. Coordinated regional development [14], especially the development between urban and rural areas [38], is an endogenous feature of RHQED (High-Quality Economic Development of Rural Economy). The higher the level of high-quality economic development in districts and counties, the more rural residents’ lifestyles and living environment are closer to the urban living standards, the smaller the gap between the per capita disposable income of urban residents and rural residents, the faster the urbanization development process in rural areas, and the higher the urbanization rate.
- (3)
- Ecological Green. Ecological green development will eventually become a common form of high-quality economy [58]. The built-up area is the main residence. The larger the proportion of green coverage, the more the economic development meets the requirements of green economic development. When rural areas realize the high-quality economic development, the final development mode of high pollution and high consumption there is green and sustainable. In this paper, the disaster rate and pesticide use intensity are used to measure the sustainable development.
- (4)
- Research and innovation. Innovation is the key driver for high-quality economic development [59]. In a certain period of time, the more inventions per capita in a county, the higher the development of science and technology in the region, and the stronger the atmosphere of scientific research and innovation. Besides, the higher the proportion of scientific and technological practitioners in social workers, the more the development meets the requirements of innovation and development in high-quality economy. This paper chooses the proportion of agricultural technicians per 10,000 rural population to measure the development of scientific research in rural areas.
- (5)
- Achievement sharing. The sharing of development achievements is the fundamental goal of high-quality economy. The sharing of regional achievements is reflected in the fact that more people can enjoy the improvement of living standards brought about by RHQED. Unemployment insurance and rural minimum living security expenditure are important social benefits. The higher the unemployment insurance ratio and rural minimum living security expenditure, the more people enjoy shared development benefits. Engel’s coefficient is an important indicator to measure the living standard of residents, which generally decreases with the improvement of residents’ family income and living standard. The Engel’s coefficient of rural residents continues to decline, indicating that the economic income of rural residents is increasing, and their lives are more prosperous.
- C.
- Calculation of entrepreneurial activity in digital industries. Drawing on the research method of Ye W.P., this paper selects the number of newly registered Internet and information industry enterprises at the county level in 30 provinces from the enterprise database of Qichacha. After filtering out the companies that have been cancelled and moved out, we take the logarithm to get the entrepreneurial activity of the digital industry, which is recorded as .
- D.
- Control variables. For a more comprehensive analysis, it is of vital importance to set control variables that may have an impact on the high-quality development of the rural economy. They are as follows: The financial decentralization level (DFD) is expressed as the budget expenditure; the urbanization level (Urban) is taken from the logarithm of the population density; the financial development level (Finance) is expressed by the ratio of the balance of deposits and loans of financial institutions at the end of the year to the regional GDP; the regional scientific and technological innovation capacity (Innovate), which is expressed by the ratio of the number of patent applications authorized to the number of patent applications accepted; the industrial structure development status (Structure), which is expressed by the ratio of the output value of the tertiary industry to the regional GDP. The development of digital villages pilots (DVP) and comprehensive demonstration counties for e-commerce in rural areas (ECP) can apply the dividends released by modern technology to real rural construction actions, which greatly promotes the internal vitality of agricultural and rural development. Therefore, this paper also takes them as control variables.
3.3. Data Sources and Descriptive Statistics
4. Analysis of Empirical Results
4.1. Analysis of Variable Correlations
4.2. Benchmark Regression
4.3. Robustness Check
- (1)
- Model comparison. In order to compare and test with different regression models, this paper selects the regression analysis results of random effects model and the regression results of fixed effects model for comparative analysis. As can be seen from Table 7, regardless of whether or not control variables are added, the results of the random effect and fixed effect models show that digital rural construction has a prominent positive effect on the high-quality development of rural economy.
- (2)
- Variable substitution. In order to ensure the robustness of the research conclusions, this paper also use the method of replacing regression variables to perform regression testing on the model.
- (3)
- Heterogeneity analysis of the different effects from a regional perspective. The development of digital villages is accompanied by a digital divide and a gap between rich and poor [21]. Based on the classification and regression test of the economic regional division (eastern region, central region, western region, and northeast region) proposed in the report issued by the Sixteenth National Congress of CPC, this paper explores the impact effect of digital rural development level on the rural high-quality economic development of different regions.
- (4)
- Further inspection. In order to further test the internal mechanism of digital villages construction on the high-quality development of rural economy, while constructing the high-quality development index system of rural economy, this paper classifies 12 indicators according to the five development principles of “openness, coordination, greenness, innovation, and sharing”, and constructs the opening-up development index, regional coordinated development index, ecological green development index, scientific research innovation development index, and the achievement sharing development index related to rural areas of each province. They are included in the model as explained variables for empirical test to explore the internal mechanism of digital villages construction on the high-quality development of rural economy.
5. Conclusions and Policy Recommendations
- The construction of digital villages can significantly accelerate the high-quality development of rural economy.
- Stimulating digital industry entrepreneurship is an important indirect mechanism for the construction of digital villages to promote the high-quality development of rural economy, and entrepreneurial activities in the digital industry act as a partial intermediary.
- The regional heterogeneity test shows that the development of digital villages has a forward effect on the eastern, central, western, and northeastern regions in China. Compared with the east and northeast, the effect of digital villages and digital industrial entrepreneurship on rural economic high-quality development in the midwestern regions is stronger.
- Digital industry entrepreneurship plays a significant and direct role in promoting regional coordination, achievement sharing, and technological innovation required for high-quality rural economic development as well as local opening-up. Stimulating digital industry entrepreneurship is an important indirect mechanism for digital villages construction to promote regional coordination, achievement sharing, scientific and technological innovation and opening to the outside world.
- The entrepreneurial activity of the digital industry has no significant inhibitory effect on the existence of green and sustainable development required by the high-quality development of the rural economy. Stimulating digital industry entrepreneurship cannot be used as an indirect mechanism for digital villages to promote green and sustainable rural development.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Number of Observations | Mean | Standard Deviation | Minimum | Maximum | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Explanatory variables | DV | 600 | 0.221 | 0.255 | 0 | 1 |
Mediating variable | Ecentre | 600 | 2.784 | 1.198 | 0 | 6.254 |
Explained variables | Open | 600 | 0.393 | 0.308 | 0 | 1 |
Coordination | 600 | 0.466 | 0.291 | 0 | 1 | |
Green | 600 | 0.492 | 0.220 | 0 | 1 | |
Innovation | 600 | 0.393 | 0.308 | 0 | 1 | |
Share | 600 | 0.398 | 0.317 | 0 | 1.506 | |
RHQED | 600 | 0.382 | 0.281 | 0.0179 | 1 | |
Control variables | DFD | 600 | 0.505 | 0.190 | 0.148 | 0.951 |
Urban | 600 | 5.430 | 1.273 | 1.978 | 8.281 | |
Finance | 600 | 2.975 | 1.050 | 1.454 | 7.552 | |
Innovate | 600 | 0.539 | 0.115 | 0.251 | 1.463 | |
Structure | 600 | 0.454 | 0.0918 | 0.298 | 0.837 | |
DVP | 600 | 0.178 | 0.807 | 0 | 5 | |
ECP | 600 | 2.138 | 4.817 | 0 | 33 |
Variables | RHQED | DV | Ecentre | DFD | Urban | FDL | INNOVATE | STRUCTURE | DVP | ECP |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
RHQED | 1 | |||||||||
DV | 0.842 *** | 1 | ||||||||
Ecentre | 0.504 *** | 0.363 *** | 1 | |||||||
DFD | 0.00200 | −0.101 ** | 0.397 *** | 1 | ||||||
Urban | 0.077 * | 0.0580 | 0.314 *** | 0.779 *** | 1 | |||||
Finance | 0.409 *** | 0.247 *** | 0.302 *** | 0.304 *** | 0.218 *** | 1 | ||||
Innovate | 0.180 *** | 0.236 *** | 0.088 ** | 0.00800 | −0.0440 | −0.00500 | 1 | |||
Structure | 0.502 *** | 0.362 *** | 0.375 *** | 0.312 *** | 0.273 *** | 0.855 *** | 0.0400 | 1 | ||
DVP | 0.419 *** | 0.637 *** | 0.070 * | −0.107 *** | −0.00100 | 0.083 ** | 0.255 *** | 0.169 *** | 1 | |
ECP | 0.501 *** | 0.467 *** | 0.263 *** | −0.217 *** | −0.101 ** | 0.111 *** | 0.0180 | 0.186 *** | 0.187 *** | 1 |
Variables | VIF | 1/VIF |
---|---|---|
Structure | 4.320 | 0.231 |
Finance | 3.900 | 0.256 |
DFD | 3.530 | 0.283 |
Urban | 2.780 | 0.360 |
DV | 2.770 | 0.361 |
DVP | 1.850 | 0.541 |
ECP | 1.660 | 0.602 |
Ecentre | 1.450 | 0.689 |
Innovate | 1.120 | 0.895 |
Mean | VIF | 2.600 |
Variables | (1) | (2) |
---|---|---|
RHQED | RHQED | |
DV | 0.960 *** (0.023) | 0.658 *** (0.036) |
DFD | 0.003 (0.046) | |
Urban | 0.503 *** (0.079) | |
Finance | 0.120 *** (0.014) | |
Innovate | 0.319 *** (0.113) | |
Structure | 0.802 *** (0.160) | |
DVP | −0.025 *** (0.008) | |
ECP | 0.004 *** (0.001) | |
Individual fixation | YES | YES |
Constant | 0.170 *** (0.008) | −3.383 *** (0.394) |
Observations | 600 | 600 |
R-squared | 0.754 | 0.867 |
F | 1742.464 | 457.156 |
Variables | (1) | (2) | (3) |
---|---|---|---|
RHQED | Ecentre | RHQED | |
DV | 0.658 *** (0.036) | 1.187 *** (0.192) | 0.587 *** (0.036) |
Ecentre | 0.058 *** (0.008) | ||
Control variables | YES | YES | YES |
Individual fixation | YES | YES | YES |
Constant | −3.383 *** (0.394) | −6.958 *** (2.087) | −3.004 *** (0.383) |
Observations | 600 | 600 | 600 |
R-squared | 0.867 | 0.558 | 0.879 |
F | 457.156 | 87.975 | 450.322 |
Variables | RE | FE | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
(1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | |
RHQED | RHQED | RHQED | RHQED | |
DV | 0.947 *** (0.023) | 0.881 *** (0.034) | 0.960 *** (0.023) | 0.658 *** (0.036) |
Control variables | NO | YES | NO | YES |
Individual fixation | NO | NO | YES | YES |
Constant | 0.173 *** (0.011) | −0.155 *** (0.057) | 0.170 *** (0.008) | −3.383 *** (0.394) |
Observations | 600 | 600 | 600 | 600 |
R-squared | 0.754 | 0.867 | ||
F | 1742.464 | 457.156 |
Variables | RE | FE | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | |
RHQED | Ecentre | RHQED | RHQED | Ecentre | RHQED | |
DV | 0.881 *** (0.034) | 1.393 *** (0.188) | 0.771 *** (0.035) | 0.658 *** (0.036) | 1.187 *** (0.192) | 0.587 *** (0.036) |
Ecentre | 0.056 *** (0.007) | 0.058 *** (0.008) | ||||
Control variables | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES |
Individual fixation | NO | NO | NO | YES | YES | YES |
Constant | −0.155 *** (0.057) | −0.573 (0.681) | −0.182 *** (0.054) | −3.383 *** (0.394) | −6.958 *** (2.087) | −3.004 *** (0.383) |
Observations | 600 | 600 | 600 | 600 | 600 | 600 |
R-squared | 0.867 | 0.558 | 0.879 | |||
F | 457.156 | 87.975 | 450.322 |
Variables | (1) | (2) |
---|---|---|
LNGDP | LNGDP | |
DV | 2.205 *** (0.082) | 1.815 *** (0.135) |
Control variables | YES | YES |
Individual fixation | YES | YES |
Constant | 8.661 *** (0.027) | −7.867 *** (1.463) |
Observations | 600 | 600 |
R-squared | 0.560 | 0.741 |
r2_a | 0.537 | 0.724 |
F | 724.107 | 201.493 |
Variables | (1) | (2) | (3) |
---|---|---|---|
LNGDP | Ecentre | LNGDP | |
DV | 1.815 *** (0.135) | 1.187 *** (0.192) | 1.455 *** (0.127) |
Ecentre | 0.305 *** (0.027) | ||
Control variables | YES | YES | YES |
Individual fixation | YES | YES | YES |
Constant | −7.867 *** (1.463) | −6.958 *** (2.087) | −5.809 *** (1.350) |
Observations | 600 | 600 | 600 |
R-squared | 0.741 | 0.558 | 0.788 |
F | 201.493 | 87.975 | 229.283 |
East | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | RHQED | RHQED | Ecentre | RHQED |
DV | 0.987 *** | 0.474 *** | 13.087 | 0.469 *** |
(0.040) | (0.058) | (33.316) | (0.057) | |
Ecentre | 0.000 *** | |||
(0.000) | ||||
control variables | NO | YES | YES | YES |
Individual fixation | YES | YES | YES | YES |
_cons | 0.193 *** | −4.477 *** | −1507.275 *** | −3.900 *** |
(0.013) | (0.666) | (380.955) | (0.679) | |
N | 200.000 | 200.000 | 200.000 | 200.000 |
r2 | 0.765 | 0.914 | 0.294 | 0.918 |
r2_a | 0.752 | 0.906 | 0.228 | 0.910 |
Central | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | RHQED | RHQED | Ecentre | RHQED |
DV | 0.908 *** | 0.719 *** | 42.761 *** | 0.616 *** |
(0.046) | (0.089) | (9.936) | (0.094) | |
Ecentre | 0.002 *** | |||
(0.001) | ||||
control variables | NO | YES | YES | YES |
Individual fixation | YES | YES | YES | YES |
_cons | 0.136 *** | −8.735 ** | 516.580 | −9.979 *** |
(0.016) | (3.598) | (400.233) | (3.510) | |
N | 120.000 | 120.000 | 120.000 | 120.000 |
r2 | 0.775 | 0.854 | 0.495 | 0.864 |
r2_a | 0.763 | 0.836 | 0.433 | 0.846 |
West | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | RHQED | RHQED | Ecentre | RHQED |
DV | 0.988 *** | 0.691 *** | 44.897 *** | 0.671 *** |
(0.040) | (0.068) | (15.272) | (0.070) | |
Ecentre | 0.000 | |||
(0.000) | ||||
control variables | NO | YES | YES | YES |
Individual fixation | YES | YES | YES | YES |
_cons | 0.156 *** | −4.619 *** | −351.050 ** | −4.462 *** |
(0.013) | (0.739) | (164.813) | (0.745) | |
N | 220.000 | 220.000 | 220.000 | 220.000 |
r2 | 0.745 | 0.877 | 0.425 | 0.879 |
r2_a | 0.732 | 0.866 | 0.374 | 0.867 |
Northeast | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | RHQED | RHQED | Ecentre | RHQED |
DV | 0.908 *** | 0.438 *** | 9.949 | 0.408 *** |
(0.075) | (0.119) | (11.785) | (0.116) | |
Ecentre | 0.003 ** | |||
(0.001) | ||||
control variables | NO | YES | YES | YES |
Individual fixation | YES | YES | YES | YES |
_cons | 0.207 *** | 0.888 | 259.614 | 0.095 |
(0.029) | (2.831) | (279.157) | (2.751) | |
N | 60.000 | 60.000 | 60.000 | 60.000 |
r2 | 0.724 | 0.897 | 0.688 | 0.906 |
r2_a | 0.709 | 0.876 | 0.624 | 0.885 |
(1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | Coordination | Coordination | Green | Green | Share | Share |
DV | 0.952 *** (0.021) | 0.924 *** (0.044) | 0.629 *** (0.020) | 0.499 *** (0.044) | 1.085 *** (0.019) | 0.954 *** (0.038) |
Control variables | NO | YES | NO | YES | NO | YES |
Individual fixation | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES |
Constant | 0.179 *** (0.009) | −1.212 ** (0.495) | 0.303 *** (0.008) | −1.589 *** (0.489) | 0.072 *** (0.007) | −3.493 *** (0.423) |
Observations | 600 | 600 | 600 | 600 | 600 | 600 |
R-squared | 0.777 | 0.812 | 0.635 | 0.656 | 0.856 | 0.884 |
F | 1983.548 | 304.381 | 990.406 | 134.253 | 3377.032 | 533.712 |
(1) | (2) | (3) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | Coordination | Ecentre | Coordination | |||
DV | 0.924 *** (0.044) | 1.740 *** (0.182) | 0.806 *** (0.046) | |||
Ecentre | 0.069 *** (0.010) | |||||
Control variables | YES | YES | YES | |||
Individual fixation | YES | YES | YES | |||
Constant | −1.212 ** (0.495) | −3.357 (2.039) | −0.931 * (0.481) | |||
Observations | 600 | 600 | 600 | |||
R-squared | 0.812 | 0.595 | 0.828 | |||
F | 304.381 | 102.423 | 296.680 | |||
(4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | (8) | (9) | |
VARIABLES | Green | Ecentre | Green | Share | Ecentre | Share |
DV | 0.499 *** (0.044) | 1.740 *** (0.182) | 0.541 *** (0.047) | 0.954 *** (0.038) | 1.740 *** (0.182) | 0.845 *** (0.040) |
Ecentre | −0.025 ** (0.010) | 0.060 *** (0.009) | ||||
Control variables | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES |
Individual fixation | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES |
Constant | −1.589 *** (0.489) | −3.357 (2.039) | −1.810 *** (0.493) | −3.493 *** (0.423) | −3.357 (2.039) | −3.317 *** (0.412) |
Observations | 600 | 600 | 600 | 600 | 600 | 600 |
R-squared | 0.656 | 0.595 | 0.662 | 0.884 | 0.595 | 0.893 |
F | 134.253 | 102.423 | 121.144 | 533.712 | 102.423 | 516.240 |
(1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | Open | Open | Innovation | Innovation |
DV | 0.931 *** (0.025) | 0.943 *** (0.050) | 1.040 *** (0.020) | 0.866 *** (0.039) |
Control variables | NO | YES | NO | YES |
Individual fixation | YES | YES | YES | YES |
Constant | 0.113 *** (0.010) | −4.193 *** (0.552) | 0.080 *** (0.008) | 0.631 (0.440) |
Observations | 600 | 600 | 600 | 600 |
R-squared | 0.709 | 0.777 | 0.830 | 0.868 |
F | 1388.189 | 245.045 | 2773.159 | 460.208 |
(1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | Open | Ecentre | Open | Innovation | Ecentre | Innovation |
DV | 0.943 *** (0.050) | 1.740 *** (0.182) | 0.925 *** (0.054) | 0.866 *** (0.039) | 1.740 *** (0.182) | 0.806 *** (0.042) |
Ecentre | 0.010 (0.012) | 0.037 *** (0.009) | ||||
Control variables | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES |
Individual fixation | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES |
Constant | −4.193 *** (0.552) | −3.357 (2.039) | −4.200 *** (0.561) | 0.631 (0.440) | −3.357 (2.039) | 0.913 ** (0.438) |
Observations | 600 | 600 | 600 | 600 | 600 | 600 |
R-squared | 0.777 | 0.595 | 0.777 | 0.868 | 0.595 | 0.872 |
F | 245.045 | 102.423 | 215.200 | 460.208 | 102.423 | 422.466 |
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Share and Cite
Mei, Y.; Miao, J.; Lu, Y. Digital Villages Construction Accelerates High-Quality Economic Development in Rural China through Promoting Digital Entrepreneurship. Sustainability 2022, 14, 14224. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142114224
Mei Y, Miao J, Lu Y. Digital Villages Construction Accelerates High-Quality Economic Development in Rural China through Promoting Digital Entrepreneurship. Sustainability. 2022; 14(21):14224. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142114224
Chicago/Turabian StyleMei, Yan, Jingyi Miao, and Yuhui Lu. 2022. "Digital Villages Construction Accelerates High-Quality Economic Development in Rural China through Promoting Digital Entrepreneurship" Sustainability 14, no. 21: 14224. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142114224