Comprehensive Life Cycle Assessment Analysis of an Italian Composting Facility concerning Environmental Footprint Minimization and Renewable Energy Integration
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. System Description
2.2. Goal and Scope
- The assessment of the environmental performances of the base case configuration and the sensitivity analyses of relevant operational parameters by means of the Monte–Carlo technique (MC);
- The comparison between the impacts of the aforementioned system with those of a general sanitary landfill present in Ecoinvent database as benchmark;
- A sensitivity analysis for the determination of the benefits introduced by the CHP unit coupled with the anaerobic digesters;
- The installation of a PV plant on the roof of the anaerobic digesters section. A Monte Carlo analysis is also performed in this case to estimate the influence of the data deviation;
- The environmental impact generated by the gasification of the residual solid waste and its comparison with secondary data related to incineration and landfill treatment processes as reported in Ecoinvent database.
2.3. System Boundaries
2.4. Inventory Analysis
2.4.1. Residual Solid Waste Characterization
2.4.2. Energy Production and Biogas Profile
2.4.3. Electricity and Fuel Consumption
2.4.4. Gaseous Emissions
2.4.5. Liquid Emissions
2.4.6. Soil Emissions
2.5. Impact Categories and Life Cycle Impact Assessment
3. Results and Discussions
3.1. Base Case Scenario
3.1.1. Monte–Carlo Analysis
3.1.2. System Comparison with Ecoinvent Database
3.1.3. Sensitivity Analysis
3.2. Photovoltaic Implementation
3.3. Gasification Process Implementation
4. Conclusions
- The use of biogas from anaerobic digestion and sanitary landfill in power units can reduce the contribution of composting facilities in many impact categories. In particular, for the case study under investigation, the CHP and the ICE units contribute to a reduction of the ODP by up to −42%, of the ABFF by about −38%, of the AC by −25% and of the AB by −15%;
- Despite the fact that the quality of the organic fraction of MSW may be subjected to strong deviations (reflecting in a wide range of the impact categories such as TREX LB and UB +246%), its valorisation through anaerobic digestion brings clear benefits from an environmental point of view;
- The integration of a PV plant in the site under investigation marginally contributes to the reduction of the environmental impact (6% for ABFF and 5% for ODP), due to the limited space available on the roofs;
- The RDF gasification and the use of the produced syngas in a conventional steam power plant has a significant influence on many impact categories. In particular, for the case study under investigation, characterized by 20 ktons/year of RMSW, corresponding syngas production can add 2 MW of power capacity with consistent variations of PHOX (−41%), MWEX-HT (−11%) and AB-FWEX (−10%).
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Nomenclature
AB | Abiotic Depletion, kg Sbeq |
ABFF | Abiotic Depletion Fossil Fuel, MJ |
AC | Acidification, kg SO2eq |
AD | Anaerobic digestion |
CHP | Heat and Power cogeneration |
CML-IA | Institute of Environmental Sciences (CML) Baseline Method |
COD | Chemical Oxygen Demand, mg/L |
e | Air excess |
E | Energy production, kWh |
EU | Eutrophication, kg PO4eq |
FWEX | Fresh Water Ecotoxicity, kg 1,4-DBeq |
GHG | Greenhouse gas (emissions) |
GWP | Global Warming Potential, kg CO2eq |
HT | Human Toxicity, kg 1,4-DBeq |
ICE | Internal Combustion Energy |
LB | Lower Bound |
LCA | Life Cycle Assessment |
LCI | Life Cycle Inventory |
LCIA | Life Cycle Impact Assessment |
LF | Landfill |
LPG | Liquid Petrol Gas |
LQC | Low quality compost |
LQC | High Quality Compost |
M | Mass, kg |
MBT | Mechanical biological treatment unit |
MC | Monte–Carlo |
MSW | Municipal Solid Waste |
MWEX | Marine Water Ecotoxicity, kg 1,4-DBeq |
N | Number of samples (Monte–Carlo) |
ODP | Ozone Layer Depletion, kg CFC-11eq |
OFMSW | Organic Fraction of Municipal solid waste |
P | Pressure, bar |
PHOX | Photochemical Oxidation, kg C2H4eq |
RMSW | Residual Municipal solid waste |
T | Temperature, °C |
TOC | Total Organic Carbon, g/kg |
TOE | Ton of Oil Equivalent |
TON | Total Organic Nitrogen |
TREX | Terrestrial Ecotoxicity, kg 1,4-DBeq |
UB | Upper Bound |
V | Volume, Nm3 |
VOS | Volatile organic Substances, g/kg |
WtE | Waste to Energy |
x | Flue gas recirculation |
Greek Letters | |
α | Average biogas yield, kWh/m3 |
ρ | Density, kg/m3 |
η | Combustion efficiency |
δ | Standard deviation |
δM | Standard error of the mean (Monte–Carlo) |
σ | Heat exchanger efficiency |
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Parameter | CHP | ||
---|---|---|---|
100% Load | 75% Load | 50% Load | |
Electrical Power [kW] | 700 | 525 | 350 |
Thermal Power [kW] | 379 | 309 | 242 |
Fuel Consumption [kW] | 1664 | 1290 | 920 |
El. Efficiency | 42.1 | 40.7 | 38 |
Th. Efficiency | 41.5 | 43.7 | 46.8 |
Total Efficiency | 83.6 | 84.4 | 84.8 |
Activity | Amount [mg/Nm3] | ||
---|---|---|---|
Nominal Power [kW] | Annual Consumption [kWh] | % of the Total | |
Anaerobic Digesters | 50 | 247,847 | 5.5 |
Volumetric Dome | 82 | 467,359 | 10.4 |
Biofilter | 585 | 2,160,231 | 48.1 |
Aerobic stabilization | 114 | 441,343 | 9.8 |
Biotunnel | 105 | 483,267 | 10.8 |
Landfill | 75 | 197,892 | 4.4 |
Waste pre-treatment | 203 | 496,507 | 11 |
Element | Amount [mg/Nm3] | ||
---|---|---|---|
Biofilter | CHP | ICE | |
Particulates | - | 1.24 | 3 |
TOC | 64.5 | 116 | 93 |
CO | - | 89 | 373 |
NOX | - | 147 | 272 |
SO2 | - | - | 1 |
HCL | - | - | 3 |
H2S | 0.035 | - | - |
NH3 | 4.64 | - | - |
VOS | 4.71 | - | - |
Element | Amount [mg/L] | |
---|---|---|
Leachates | Wastewater | |
COD | 16,110 | 13,678 |
N (as Ammonia) | 3528 | 20,791 |
Chlorine | 2809 | 21,109 |
Metals | 37 | 559 |
Phenols | 4 | 35 |
Toluene | 0.01 | - |
Element | High-Quality Compost (HQC) | |
---|---|---|
Amount | U.M. | |
Metals (1) | 224.46 | mg/kg |
Potassium | 1.53 | % d.b. |
Sodium | 1.26 | |
Calcium | 3.92 | |
Magnesium | 0.77 | |
TOC | 45.48 | |
TON | 95.83 | |
C/N ratio | 19.41 |
Impact Factor | Monte Carlo Analysis—Variation in Percentage Terms | |
---|---|---|
Best Case | Worst Case | |
Abiotic depletion | −33% | 64% |
Abiotic depletion (fossil fuels) | −25% | 24% |
Acidification | −23% | 44% |
Eutrophication | −44% | 97% |
Fresh water aquatic ecotox. | −58% | 140% |
Global warming (GWP100a) | −41% | 71% |
Human toxicity | −54% | 108% |
Marine aquatic ecotoxicity | −52% | 100% |
Ozone layer depletion (ODP) | −43% | 76% |
Photochemical oxidation | −47% | 81% |
Terrestrial ecotoxicity | −66% | 246% |
Residual MSW Property | Value (Best Estimate) | U.M. |
---|---|---|
Dry residual at 105 °C | 25 | % |
Ash content (600 °C) | 1.2 | |
Hydrogen (d.b.) | 8.43 | |
Total Organic Carbon (TOC) | 418 | g/kg |
Density | 0.61 | g/cm3 |
LHV | 21800 | KJ/kg |
Impact Factor Characterization | CASE | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Base Case | RDF Gasification | Incineration | Sanitary Landfill | ||
AB | [kg Sbeq] | 9.36864 × 10−6 | 8.37439 × 10−6 | 6.40124 × 10−5 | 1.26672 × 10−5 |
ABFF | [MJ] | 230.9462169 | 226.421873 | 218.839066 | 143.3276608 |
GWP | [kg CO2eq] | 137.3503973 | 203.8017347 | 512.6599606 | 623.1065875 |
ODP | [kg CFC-11eq] | 2.18394 × 10−6 | 2.16154 × 10−6 | 2.85011 × 10−6 | 1.09273 × 10−6 |
HT | [kg 1,4-DBeq] | 13.94518915 | 12.4240435 | 83.38466568 | 19.89651147 |
FWEX | [kg 1,4-DBeq] | 2.76645732 | 2.480519326 | 28.29727625 | 2.329612823 |
MWEX | [kg 1,4-DBeq] | 172603.0985 | 153130.3439 | 266897.9012 | 245536.5574 |
TREX | [kg 1,4-DBeq] | 0.365422428 | 0.362140746 | 0.549152347 | 0.042360738 |
PHOX | [kg C2H4eq] | 0.025667117 | 0.015170677 | 0.00487331 | 0.133445373 |
AC | [kg SO2eq] | 0.138055157 | 0.129016136 | 0.196995917 | 0.108478345 |
EU | [kg PO4eq] | 0.696789395 | 0.647438367 | 0.069082204 | 0.582796912 |
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Biancini, G.; Marchetti, B.; Cioccolanti, L.; Moglie, M. Comprehensive Life Cycle Assessment Analysis of an Italian Composting Facility concerning Environmental Footprint Minimization and Renewable Energy Integration. Sustainability 2022, 14, 14961. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142214961
Biancini G, Marchetti B, Cioccolanti L, Moglie M. Comprehensive Life Cycle Assessment Analysis of an Italian Composting Facility concerning Environmental Footprint Minimization and Renewable Energy Integration. Sustainability. 2022; 14(22):14961. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142214961
Chicago/Turabian StyleBiancini, Giovanni, Barbara Marchetti, Luca Cioccolanti, and Matteo Moglie. 2022. "Comprehensive Life Cycle Assessment Analysis of an Italian Composting Facility concerning Environmental Footprint Minimization and Renewable Energy Integration" Sustainability 14, no. 22: 14961. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142214961