Microalgae Biomass and Lipids as Feedstock for Biofuels: Sustainable Biotechnology Strategies
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Lipids in Microalgal Biomass
1.2. Lipid Biosynthetic Pathways in Microalgal Biomass
1.3. Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Biosynthesis
2. Enhancement of Biomass and Lipid Production from Microalgae
2.1. Conventional Methods
2.1.1. Nutrient Limitation
2.1.2. Environmental Stress
2.1.3. Temperature
2.1.4. pH and Salinity
2.1.5. Metal Ions
2.1.6. Nanoparticles
2.2. Challenges and Limitations of Convention Methods
3. Biotechnological Approaches for the Improvement of Biomass and Lipid Production
3.1. Selection Screening and Improvement of Potent Microalgal Strains (Bioprospecting)
3.2. Molecular and Metabolic Engineering Approaches
3.2.1. Lipids and Fatty Acids Biosynthesis Pathway Engineering
3.2.2. Engineering Photosynthetic Capability
Genetic Modification of NADPH Generation
3.2.3. Genetic Transformation Approaches
3.2.4. In Silico Metabolic Engineering Tools
3.3. Transcriptional Regulations
3.4. Gene Editing Tools for the Development of Biofuel from Microalgae
3.4.1. CRIPSR Associated Lipid
3.4.2. CRISPRi Technology
3.4.3. ZFN-Mediated Lipid Enhancement
3.5. Co-Culturing Techniques
3.5.1. Microalgae and Microalgae
3.5.2. Microalgae and Bacteria
3.5.3. Microalgae and Fungi
3.5.4. Microalgae and Yeast
4. Biotechnologically Enhanced Lipids as the Substrate for Biodiesel Production
5. Integrated Approaches (Microalgae Lipid and Pigment Production)
5.1. Lipids in Microalgae
5.2. Pigments in Microalgae
6. Economic and Commercialization Feasibility
7. Future Aspects
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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S.No | Microalgae | Lipid Productivity (mg L−1 d−1) | Production Process | Operational Parameters | Genetic/Metabolic Approach | Targeted Genes | Value-Added Product | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Chlorella minutissima | 1.37 | Continuous | Temperature—25 °C–30 °C, pH—5 to 8 Mixotrophic | Molecular | Co-expression of five acyltransferases | Biodiesel and also antioxidants | [16] |
2 | Chlorella sorokiniana | 0.85 | Batch | Temperature—25 °C pH—6 heterotrophic | Metabolic | Ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase and acetyl–CoA carboxylase | Biodiesel | [16] |
3 | Neochloris oleoabundans | 1.13 | Batch | Temperature—25 °C pH—8 Mixotrophic | Molecular | Glycerol-3-phospahte acyltransferase | Triacylglycerols Biodiesel | [43] |
4 | Chlorella vulgaris | 0.91 | Batch | Temperature—25 °C pH—10 Autotrophic | Molecular | Carbonic anhydrase | Biodiesel | [21] |
5 | Chlorella pyrenoidosa | 1.45 | Fed-Batch | Temperature—25 °C–30 °C pH—7 to 10 Mixotrophic | Molecular | NAH (H) kinase | Biodiesel and PUFA | [43] |
6 | Phaeodactylum Tricornutum | 1.11 | Batch | Temp—25 °C pH—8 to 10 Mixotrophic | Molecular | Pyruvate dehydrogenase | Biodiesel | [16] |
7 | Chlamydomonas reinhardtii | 109 | Semi-continuous | Temp—25 °C pH—5 to 10 | Molecular | acetyl–CoA-synthetase | Biodiesel | [44] |
S.No | Microalgae | Culture System | Biomass Productivity | Lipid Productivity | Lipid Content | Type of Inducer | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Chlorella vulgaris | Algal bloom hydrolysate | 436 mg L−1d−1 | 188 mg L−1 d−1 | 53% | Nitrogen starvation | [92] |
2 | Monoraphidium dybowskii LB50 | BG-11 medium | 80.56 mg L−1d−1 | 31.12 mg L−1d−1 | 44.4% | Nitrogen starvation | [147] |
3 | Chlorella sorokiniana | Defined medium | 300 mg L−1d−1 | 502 mg L−1d−1 | ~25% AFDW lipids | IAA cytokinin kinetin (K) | [90] |
4 | Tetraselmis sp. | Charcoal -filtered seawater with nutrient enrichment | 201 mg L−1d−1 | 85.5 mg L−1d−1 | 45% | Salinity + Nitrogen | [91] |
5 | Para chlorella | ½ SS nutrient medium | 409-1291mg L−1d−1 | 161–604 mg L−1d−1 | 66% | Nutrient sulphur deprivation | [93] |
6 | Chlorococcum sp. | BG-11 | 175 mg L−1d−1 | 2.0–19.3 mg L−1d−1 | 56% | Nitrogen starvation | [94] |
7 | Nannochloroposis sp. | BG-11 medium(+ glucose or acetate) | 90–145 mg L−1d−1 | 324 mg L−1d−1 | 18.16–25.49% | Salinity | [95] |
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Babu, S.S.; Gondi, R.; Vincent, G.S.; JohnSamuel, G.C.; Jeyakumar, R.B. Microalgae Biomass and Lipids as Feedstock for Biofuels: Sustainable Biotechnology Strategies. Sustainability 2022, 14, 15070. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142215070
Babu SS, Gondi R, Vincent GS, JohnSamuel GC, Jeyakumar RB. Microalgae Biomass and Lipids as Feedstock for Biofuels: Sustainable Biotechnology Strategies. Sustainability. 2022; 14(22):15070. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142215070
Chicago/Turabian StyleBabu, Swathi Somaiyan, Rashmi Gondi, Godvin Sharmila Vincent, Godwin Christopher JohnSamuel, and Rajesh Banu Jeyakumar. 2022. "Microalgae Biomass and Lipids as Feedstock for Biofuels: Sustainable Biotechnology Strategies" Sustainability 14, no. 22: 15070. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142215070