Impact Assessment of COVID-19 Severity on Environment, Economy and Society towards Affecting Sustainable Development Goals
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods of the Study
2.1. Expert Elicitation Process for SDG Impact Analysis
2.2. Analysis of SDG Goals and Targets
2.3. Limitations of the Research
3. COVID-19 Impacts on Achieving SDGs
3.1. COVID-19 and Economic Outcomes
3.2. COVID-19 and Environmental Outcomes
3.3. COVID-19 and Society Outcomes
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Target | Impact | Ref. | Target | Impact | Ref. | Target | Impact | Ref. | Target | Impact | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SDG 1.1 | N | [29,30] | SDG 5.6 | N/A | - | SDG 10.7 | N/A | - | SDG 15.4 | N/A | - |
SDG 1.2 | N | [31,32] | SDG 5.7 | N/A | - | SDG 10.8 | N/A | - | SDG 15.5 | N/A | - |
SDG 1.3 | N | [33] | SDG 5.8 | N/A | - | SDG 10.9 | N/A | - | SDG 15.6 | N/A | - |
SDG 1.4 | N | [34,35,36] | SDG 5.9 | N/A | - | SDG 10.10 | N/A | - | SDG 15.7 | P | [37,38] |
SDG 1.5 | N | [39] | SDG 6.1 | N | [40,41] | SDG 11.1 | P & N | [42,43,44] | SDG 15.8 | P & N | [45] |
SDG 1.6 | N | [46,47] | SDG 6.2 | P | [48,49] | SDG 11.2 | P | [50,51] | SDG 15.9 | N/A | - |
SDG 1.7 | N | [34,52,53] | SDG 6.3 | P & N | [54,55,56,57] | SDG 11.3 | N/A | - | SDG 15.10 | N/A | - |
SDG 2.1 | N | [58,59,60] | SDG 6.4 | N/A | - | SDG 11.4 | N/A | - | SDG 15.11 | N/A | - |
SDG 2.2 | N | [61,62] | SDG 6.5 | N/A | - | SDG 11.5 | N | [63,64] | SDG 15.12 | N/A | - |
SDG 2.3 | N | [65] | SDG 6.6 | P & N | As 6.3 | SDG 11.6 | N/A | - | |||
SDG 2.4 | N | As 2.3 | SDG 6.7 | N/A | - | SDG 11.7 | N/A | - | SDG 16.1 | N | [66,67,68] |
SDG 2.5 | P & N | [69,70] | SDG 6.8 | N/A | - | SDG 11.8 | N/A | - | SDG 16.2 | N | [71,72,73] |
SDG 2.6 | N/A | - | SDG 7.1 | P | [74] | SDG 11.9 | N/A | - | SDG 16.3 | N/A | - |
SDG 2.7 | N/A | - | SDG 7.2 | P & N | [75,76] | SDG 11.10 | N/A | - | SDG 16.4 | N/A | - |
SDG 2.8 | N/A | - | SDG 7.3 | P | [75,77] | SDG 12.1 | N/A | - | SDG 16.5 | N/A | - |
SDG 3.1 | N | [78,79] | SDG 7.4 | C | - | SDG 12.2 | N/A | - | SDG 16.6 | N/A | - |
SDG 3.2 | N | As 3.1 | SDG 7.5 | N/A | - | SDG 12.3 | N/A | - | SDG 16.7 | N/A | - |
SDG 3.3 | P & N | [80,81,82] | SDG 8.1 | N | [83,84,85] | SDG 12.4 | N | [86,87] | SDG 16.8 | N/A | - |
SDG 3.4 | N | [88] | SDG 8.2 | N/A | - | SDG 12.5 | N/A | - | SDG 16.9 | N/A | - |
SDG 3.5 | N | [89,90] | SDG 8.3 | N | [91,92] | SDG 12.6 | N/A | - | SDG 16.10 | N/A | - |
SDG 3.6 | P & N | [93,94,95] | SDG 8.4 | N/A | - | SDG 12.7 | N/A | - | SDG 16.11 | N/A | - |
SDG 3.7 | P & N | [96,97] | SDG 8.5 | N/A | - | SDG 12.8 | N/A | - | SDG 16.12 | N/A | - |
SDG 3.8 | P | [98] | SDG 8.6 | N | [99,100] | SDG 12.9 | P | [101,102] | |||
SDG 3.9 | N/A | - | SDG 8.7 | N/A | - | SDG 12.10 | N/A | - | SDG 17.1 | P | [52,103] |
SDG 3.10 | N/A | - | SDG 8.8 | N/A | - | SDG 12.11 | N/A | - | SDG 17.2 | N/A | - |
SDG 3.11 | N/A | - | SDG 8.9 | N/A | - | SDG 13.1 | P & N | [104,105] | SDG 17.3 | N/A | - |
SDG 3.12 | N | [78,79,98] | SDG 8.10 | N/A | - | SDG 13.2 | P | [106,107,108] | SDG 17.4 | N/A | - |
SDG 3.13 | N | As 3.12 | SDG 8.11 | N/A | - | SDG 13.3 | P | As 13.2 | SDG 17.5 | N/A | - |
SDG 4.1 | N | [109,110] | SDG 8.12 | N/A | - | SDG 13.4 | N/A | - | SDG 17.6 | N/A | - |
SDG 4.2 | N/A | - | SDG 9.1 | N | [111,112] | SDG 13.5 | N/A | - | SDG 17.7 | N/A | - |
SDG 4.3 | P & N | [113,114,115] | SDG 9.2 | N | [116,117] | SDG 14.1 | P & N | [118,119,120] | SDG 17.8 | P & N | [121,122,123] |
SDG 4.4 | N/A | - | SDG 9.3 | N | [124] | SDG 14.2 | P & N | [120,125] | SDG 17.9 | N/A | - |
SDG 4.5 | N/A | - | SDG 9.4 | N/A | - | SDG 14.3 | N/A | - | SDG 17.10 | N/A | - |
SDG 4.6 | N/A | - | SDG 9.5 | P | [126,127] | SDG 14.4 | N/A | - | SDG 17.11 | N/A | - |
SDG 4.7 | N/A | - | SDG 9.6 | N | [52,128] | SDG 14.5 | N/A | - | SDG 17.12 | N/A | - |
SDG 4.8 | N/A | - | SDG 9.7 | N/A | - | SDG 14.6 | N/A | - | SDG 17.13 | N/A | - |
SDG 4.9 | N/A | - | SDG 9.8 | P & N | [114,129] | SDG 14.7 | N/A | - | SDG 17.14 | P | [130,131,132] |
SDG 4.10 | N/A | - | SDG 10.1 | N | [128,133,134] | SDG 14.8 | N/A | - | SDG 17.15 | N/A | - |
SDG 5.1 | N | [135,136] | SDG 10.2 | N/A | - | SDG 14.9 | N/A | - | SDG 17.16 | N/A | - |
SDG 5.2 | N | [137,138,139,140] | SDG 10.3 | N | [141,142,143] | SDG 14.10 | N/A | - | SDG 17.17 | N/A | - |
SDG 5.3 | N | [97,144] | SDG 10.4 | N/A | - | SDG 15.1 | P & N | [3,145,146] | SDG 17.18 | N/A | - |
SDG 5.4 | N/A | - | SDG 10.5 | N | [147,148] | SDG 15.2 | P & N | [145,149,150] | SDG 17.19 | N/A | - |
SDG 5.5 | N/A | - | SDG 10.6 | N/A | - | SDG 15.3 | P & N | [151] |
No. | The SDG Goal | No. of Targets | Positive Impact | % | Negative Impact | % | No. Evidence | % |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | No poverty | 7 | 0 | 0% | 7 | 100% | 0 | 0% |
2 | Zero Hunger | 8 | 1 | 12.5% | 5 | 62.5% | 3 | 37.5% |
3 | Good Health and Well-being | 13 | 4 | 30.77% | 9 | 69.23% | 3 | 23.07% |
4 | Quality Education | 10 | 1 | 10% | 2 | 20% | 8 | 80% |
5 | Gender Equality | 9 | 3 | 33.34% | 3 | 33.34% | 6 | 66.67% |
6 | Clean Water and Sanitation | 8 | 4 | 50% | 3 | 37.5% | 4 | 50% |
7 | Affordable and Clean Energy | 5 | 3 | 60% | 1 | 20% | 2 | 40% |
8 | Decent Work and Economic Growth | 12 | 0 | 0% | 3 | 25% | 9 | 75% |
9 | Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure | 8 | 2 | 25% | 5 | 62.5% | 2 | 25% |
10 | Reducing Inequality | 10 | 0 | 0% | 3 | 30% | 7 | 70% |
11 | Sustainable Cities and Communities | 10 | 2 | 20% | 2 | 20% | 7 | 70% |
12 | Responsible Consumption & Production | 11 | 1 | 9.091% | 1 | 9.091% | 9 | 81.81% |
13 | Climate Action | 5 | 3 | 60% | 1 | 20% | 2 | 40% |
14 | Life Below Water | 10 | 2 | 20% | 2 | 20% | 8 | 80% |
15 | Life On Land | 12 | 5 | 41.67% | 4 | 33.34% | 7 | 58.34% |
16 | Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions | 12 | 0 | 0% | 2 | 16.67% | 10 | 83.34% |
17 | Partnerships for the Goals | 19 | 3 | 15.79% | 1 | 5.263% | 16 | 84.21% |
| 169 | 34 | 20.12% | 54 | 31.95% | 103 | 60.94% |
Group | SDG’s Goal | State | An Example of the Target(s) Being Affected |
---|---|---|---|
Society | SDG 1 | Highly affected *, jeopardized † and relieves ‡ | Target 1.1: Most of the people in the working class lost their jobs due to the pandemic, and thus daily income decreased and poverty increased. Target 1.2: Half of the population will live in poverty by 2030. Target 1.4: Ensure fair access to essential services. |
SDG 2 | Jeopardized † | Target 2.3: Multiple agricultural incomes and productivity of small-scale food producers. Restriction of movement and the worldwide lockdown has heavily affected local and national food production as farmers could not go to their farmlands leading to lower agricultural productivity | |
SDG 3 | Highly affected *, jeopardized † and relieves ‡ | Target 3.4: Reduce disease-related premature mortality by one-third Target 3.8: Attain universal health coverage | |
SDG 4 | Jeopardized † | Target 4.1: All children should have access to a free, equitable, and high-quality education | |
SDG 5 | Partially Jeopardized § | Target 5.1: Eradicate all types of discrimination against girls and women around the world Target 5.4: Value domestic work and unpaid care through the provision of public services and policies | |
SDG 6 | Jeopardized † | Target 6.1: Ensure that everybody has access to clean and affordable drinking water | |
SDG 7 | Jeopardized † | Target 7.3: Double universal rate of energy efficiency improvement | |
SDG 11 | Jeopardized † | Target 11.2: Ensure that everybody has access to affordable, safe, and environmentally friendly transportation options Target 11.5: Noticeably reduce the death rate and people impacted by disasters by 2030 | |
SDG 16 | Partially Jeopardized § | Target 16.1: Minimize all types of violence and deaths that result from them in all parts of the world | |
Environment | SDG 13 | Jeopardized † | Target 13.4: Mobilize $100 billion a year for the Green Climate Fund by 2020 to meet the needs of developing nations |
SDG 14 | Partially Jeopardized § | Target 14.1: Stop all kinds of marine pollution by 2025 | |
SDG 15 | Jeopardized † and relieves ‡ | Target 15.7: Stop smuggling and animal trafficking, and solve the supply and demand of illicit wildlife products | |
Economic | SDG 08 | Highly affected *, and Jeopardized † | Target 8.1: Sustain per capita economic growth. Experts have predicted that COVID-19 will lower gross domestic product by one-half a percentage point (from 2.9 to 2.4%) Target 8.3: Encourage production policies that encourage productive practices and the creation of decent jobs |
SDG 09 | Highly affected *, Jeopardized † and aggravates ‖ | Target 9.3: Rise in access to financial services for small manufacturing units and other enterprises, especially in developing nations Target 9.4: Make industries more sustainable, infrastructure must be upgraded, and industries must be retrofitted Target 9.6: Help achieve the establishment of resilient and sustainable infrastructure in developing nations by providing greater financial, technical, and technological assistance | |
SDG 10 | Jeopardized † | Target 10.1: Growing and sustaining the income growth of the bottom 40% of the population at a faster pace than the national average by 2030 | |
SDG 12 | Partially Jeopardized § | Target 12.5: Minimize the generation of waste via the prevention, recycling reduction, and reuse | |
SDG 17 | Partially Jeopardized § | Target 17.2: Rich countries have to devote at least 0.7% of their gross national income to developing nations’ assistance and around 0.15% to least-developed countries |
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Hannan, M.A.; Abd Rahman, M.S.; Al-Shetwi, A.Q.; Begum, R.A.; Ker, P.J.; Mansor, M.; Mia, M.S.; Hossain, M.J.; Dong, Z.Y.; Mahlia, T.M.I. Impact Assessment of COVID-19 Severity on Environment, Economy and Society towards Affecting Sustainable Development Goals. Sustainability 2022, 14, 15576. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142315576
Hannan MA, Abd Rahman MS, Al-Shetwi AQ, Begum RA, Ker PJ, Mansor M, Mia MS, Hossain MJ, Dong ZY, Mahlia TMI. Impact Assessment of COVID-19 Severity on Environment, Economy and Society towards Affecting Sustainable Development Goals. Sustainability. 2022; 14(23):15576. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142315576
Chicago/Turabian StyleHannan, M. A., M. S. Abd Rahman, Ali Q. Al-Shetwi, R. A. Begum, Pin Jern Ker, M. Mansor, M. S. Mia, M. J. Hossain, Z. Y. Dong, and T. M. I. Mahlia. 2022. "Impact Assessment of COVID-19 Severity on Environment, Economy and Society towards Affecting Sustainable Development Goals" Sustainability 14, no. 23: 15576. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142315576