A Spatiotemporal Analysis of Hainan Island’s 2010–2020 Gross Ecosystem Product Accounting
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Data Sources
2.3. Research Methods
2.3.1. Ecosystem Products Provide Value
- (1)
- Gross output value of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery
- (2)
- Hydropower resources value
2.3.2. Ecosystem Regulation Service Value
- (1)
- Water conservation value
- (2)
- Soil conservation value
- (3)
- Flood regulation value
- (4)
- Air purification value
- (5)
- Water purification value
- (6)
- Carbon fixation and oxygen release value
- (7)
- Ecosystem climate regulation function
2.3.3. Ecosystem Cultural Service Value
3. Results
3.1. Ecosystem Product Value
3.2. Ecosystem Products Regulate Service Value
3.2.1. Water Conservation Value
3.2.2. Soil Conservation Value
3.2.3. Flood Storage Value
3.2.4. Atmospheric Environment Purification Value
3.2.5. Water Purification Value
3.2.6. Carbon Fixation and Oxygen Release Value
3.2.7. Climate Regulation Value
3.3. Ecosystem Cultural Service Value
3.4. Change Analysis of GEP
4. Discussion
- (1)
- This study calculated the total ecosystem production value of Hainan Island from 2010 to 2020, and the total ecosystem production value shows an upward trend. From the accounting results, the value generated by regulatory services accounts for the largest proportion, which is also consistent with the argument of relevant research. From the perspective of GEP distribution, GEP high value areas are mainly decreasing from northeast to southwest. The areas with a high value of regulation services are mainly located in the central mountainous areas of Hainan Island, and the top three services with the highest value are soil conservation, carbon fixation and oxygen release and water conservation. In 2020, the forest coverage rate in Hainan Province will be as high as 62.1%, which indirectly indicates that the natural ecosystems such as forests, shrubs and grasslands in Hainan Island have extremely important economic value in providing ecosystem regulation services. Therefore, it is necessary to protect and reasonably utilize the local ecological environment while developing resources.
- (2)
- Hainan Island is located in a tropical region, with extremely rich animal and plant resources. The overall distribution of its ecosystem GDP is mainly decreasing from northeast to southwest. Comparing the GDP per unit area with the GEP per unit area, it is found that the GEP value in economically developed areas is relatively low, while the GEP value in economically underdeveloped areas is relatively high, such as Wuzhishan, Baoting, Baisha, Qionghai, etc. At the same time, by comparing the value of GDP per unit area and GEP per unit area of Hainan Island, only Haikou’s GDP per unit area is greater than GEP per unit area. This is because Haikou’s cultural service industry ranks first in the province and lags far behind other districts and counties. For single accounting indicators, there are three primary indicators in GEP accounting: product providing value, regulating service value and cultural service value. The value of products provided is mainly concentrated in the eastern coastal areas of Hainan Island, and the cultural tourism services are mainly concentrated in Haikou and Sanya, while the other counties and cities are relatively low, presenting an unbalanced situation of cultural service resources. The trend of water conservation, soil conservation, carbon fixation and oxygen release and climate regulation in the value of regulation services is low around and high in the middle. Therefore, it is recommended that relevant departments formulate pertinent ecological measures based on the regional GEP value to convert the generated ecological value into economic value.
- (3)
- Comparing the three categories of accounting indicators, the value of the product provision and cultural service value is quite different from the value of the adjustment service. From 2010 to 2020, the adjustment service accounted for 73% of GEP. Therefore, the value of the adjustment service occupies a major position in the accounting process, and attention should be paid to the protection of the Hainan ecosystem. At the same time, it is necessary to strengthen the promotion of cultural tourism, hold cultural activities, increase the total tourism income and promote the entrepreneurial development of local residents. In terms of product provision and services, according to the existing ecological environment advantages, it is necessary to rationally plan and utilize natural resources; plant advantageous economic crops; breed advantageous aquatic products; focus on protecting reservoirs, swamps, and other resources; rationally develop hydropower resources; and make further progress for Hainan’s economic contribution.
- (4)
- From the perspective of social development, Hainan has a good ecological environment and rich natural resources. It is the internal demand to transform the advantages of ecological resources into economic advantages to promote the high-quality development of Hainan. In the GEP accounting process, it was found that each city has its own advantages; for example, Wuzhishan City and Baisha City have high carbon fixation and oxygen release value, high climate regulation value and low product supply value and cultural tourism value. However, the economic development of all districts and counties in Hainan Province is also uneven. Tourism is mainly concentrated in two cities: Haikou and Sanya. The value of urban cultural services in the central region is low. The production of agriculture, forestry, fishery and animal husbandry is mainly concentrated in the eastern coastal region. Therefore, it is suggested that the government should formulate appropriate social and economic development mechanisms according to the characteristics of each district and county’s own GEP value, such as developing eco-tourism, modern biomedicine, healthcare, ecological advantageous agriculture and other industries, and also establish ecological compensation mechanisms and ecological damage compensation mechanisms, make full use of Hainan’s unique ecological resources, and effectively convert ecological values into social and economic values.
- (5)
- This study has certain limitations and hysteresis, and the results have errors: (1) there are errors in the acquisition and processing of the remote sensing data and climate data used; and (2) due to different sources of reference statistical data, there are also errors in the unit price due to different years and regions.
5. Conclusions
- (1)
- From the perspective of time, the total value of ecosystem production has increased from 596.404 billion CNY in 2010 to 1032.096 billion CNY in 2020. In the development of this decade, by comparing the accounting results from 2010 to 2020, the average annual growth rates from 2010 to 2015 and 2015 to 2020 were 5.64% and 8.57%, respectively, and sorted as 2020 > 2015 > 2010. The average annual growth rate of the value of products and services was 9.79%, the average annual growth rate of adjustment services was 4.41% and the average annual growth rate of cultural service value was 12.97%. The value of cultural adjustment services rose the fastest, followed by product provision services, and the growth rate of adjustment services was the smallest.
- (2)
- From a spatial point of view, among the three major indicators of the ecosystem gross product accounting, the district and county with the highest product offering value is Danzhou City, and the lowest is Wuzhishan City. The areas with higher product offering values are mainly distributed in the coastal cities of Hainan Island, and the central area is lower. However, the areas with higher regulatory service value are located in the central mountainous area of the island, and the surrounding coastal areas generate less value. The areas with higher cultural service value are mainly distributed in the eastern coastal area of Hainan Island, and the two cities with higher value are Sanya and Haikou. The distribution of ecosystem GDP of all cities and counties in the island is mainly concentrated in the northeast of the island, with Wenchang, Haikou and Danzhou having a higher ecosystem GDP and Wuzhishan, Baoting and Tunchang having a lower ecosystem GDP. By comparing GEP per unit area with GDP per unit area, only Haikou City has a GDP per unit area greater than GEP per unit area, while other cities have a GDP per unit area smaller than GEP.
- (3)
- Hainan has special resource advantages, such as South China Sea resources and tropical resources, as well as the largest special economic zone and the only provincial international tourism island in China. Island tourism is a popular tourism project. Under great human disturbance, the island ecosystem is damaged to some extent, leading to the destruction of the island ecosystem. The accounting of Hainan Island’s GEP can provide a reference for subsequent island GEP research, and also provide a reference for relevant government departments to formulate ecological compensation policies. In 2021, Hainan Province released the “Fourteenth Five-Year” Ecological Environment Protection Plan of Hainan Province, in which it clearly proposed that by 2035, the ecological environment quality and resource utilization efficiency should be at the leading level in the world. This study calculated the GEP of Hainan Island in order to provide a reference for Hainan’s ecological planning, ecological governance and ecological compensation. Different ecological planning and ecological governance are carried out for different regions, mainly including: (1) Fully publicize the great ecological value of Hainan and strengthen the participation of the whole people; (2) Establish a suitable ecological protection and development system for each city, customize a diversified ecological compensation mechanism for each city and transform the ecological value and economic value; (3) Create a model for ecological civilization construction and highlight the role of “Hainan Model”.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
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Type | Resolution | Sources |
---|---|---|
Land use | 30 m | Resource science and satellite center (http://www.resdc.cn/, accessed on 28 September 2022) |
DEM | 30 m | Geospatial data cloud (http://www.gscloud.cn/, accessed on 28 September 2022) |
Precipitation, soil data | 1 km | National Earth System Science Data Center (http://soil.geodata.cn/data/dataresource, accessed on 28 September 2022) |
Potential evapotranspiration data | 1 km | The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Scientific Data Center (https://data.tpdc.ac.cn/zh-hans/data, accessed on 28 September 2022) |
Hainan Statistical Yearbook, Hainan Provincial Water Resources Bulletin, Hainan Environmental Quality Information Bulletin | / | Hainan Provincial People’s Government (https://www.hainan.gov.cn/, accessed on 28 September 2022) |
China Environmental Statistical Yearbook | / | National Bureau of Statistics (http://www.stats.gov.cn/, accessed on 28 September 2022) |
Price data | / | National Bureau of Statistics (http://www.stats.gov.cn/, accessed on 28 September 2022) |
China Forestry Statistical Yearbook | / | National Bureau of Statistics (http://www.stats.gov.cn/, accessed on 28 September 2022) |
Service Type | Accounting Indicators |
---|---|
Product service | Agricultural products, forestry products, livestock products, marine aquatic products, water resources, renewable resources |
Conditioning service | Water conservation, soil conservation, flood storage and regulation, air purification, water purification, carbon fixation and oxygen release, climate regulation |
Cultural services | Natural landscape, tourism revenue |
City | GEP(2010) | GEP(2015) | GEP(2020) |
---|---|---|---|
Baisha | 205.82 | 274.52 | 353.56 |
Baoting | 148.91 | 212.11 | 218.78 |
Changjiang | 121.52 | 344.24 | 295.519 |
Chengmai | 281.16 | 276.09 | 489.855 |
Danzhou | 541.98 | 745.67 | 1108.81 |
Ding’an | 234.08 | 277.37 | 332.85 |
Dongfang | 345.42 | 697.92 | 795.20 |
Haikou | 543.20 | 689.78 | 907.98 |
Ledong | 358.15 | 583.96 | 817.06 |
Lingao | 214.17 | 302.04 | 444.98 |
Lingshui | 237.37 | 223.13 | 344.53 |
Qionghai | 427.95 | 393.20 | 562.64 |
Qiongzhong | 402.67 | 311.53 | 504.57 |
Sanya | 403.66 | 628.93 | 957.04 |
Tunchang | 191.31 | 244.88 | 257.39 |
Wanning | 495.05 | 450.56 | 676.34 |
Wenchang | 679.67 | 709.16 | 1071.95 |
Wuzhishan | 131.95 | 117.17 | 181.90 |
Sum | 5964.04 | 7428.31 | 10,320.96 |
City | Unit Area GDP (2010) | Unit Area GDP (2015) | Unit Area GDP (2020) | Unit Area GEP (2010) | Unit Area GEP (2015) | Unit Area GEP (2020) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Baisha | 0.011 | 0.019 | 0.027 | 0.097 | 0.138 | 0.167 |
Baoting | 0.017 | 0.035 | 0.049 | 0.129 | 0.132 | 0.190 |
Changjiang | 0.038 | 0.055 | 0.077 | 0.075 | 0.143 | 0.182 |
Chengmai | 0.053 | 0.104 | 0.168 | 0.135 | 0.159 | 0.236 |
Danzhou | 0.092 | 0.138 | 0.188 | 0.159 | 0.244 | 0.326 |
Ding’an | 0.032 | 0.062 | 0.088 | 0.196 | 0.194 | 0.278 |
Dongfang | 0.032 | 0.068 | 0.082 | 0.152 | 0.298 | 0.350 |
Haikou | 0.270 | 0.499 | 0.782 | 0.237 | 0.279 | 0.396 |
Ledong | 0.020 | 0.038 | 0.055 | 0.129 | 0.235 | 0.295 |
Lingao | 0.053 | 0.114 | 0.152 | 0.159 | 0.239 | 0.331 |
Lingshui | 0.047 | 0.120 | 0.176 | 0.214 | 0.230 | 0.311 |
Qionghai | 0.066 | 0.119 | 0.171 | 0.250 | 0.253 | 0.329 |
Qiongzhong | 0.009 | 0.015 | 0.022 | 0.149 | 0.125 | 0.187 |
Sanya | 0.126 | 0.214 | 0.177 | 0.210 | 0.342 | 0.498 |
Tunchang | 0.027 | 0.048 | 0.073 | 0.157 | 0.154 | 0.211 |
Wanning | 0.052 | 0.090 | 0.125 | 0.260 | 0.282 | 0.356 |
Wenchang | 0.048 | 0.072 | 0.107 | 0.276 | 0.289 | 0.436 |
Wuzhishan | 0.012 | 0.021 | 0.030 | 0.115 | 0.116 | 0.159 |
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Zhou, X.; Wang, Q.; Zhang, R.; Ren, B.; Wu, X.; Wu, Y.; Tang, J. A Spatiotemporal Analysis of Hainan Island’s 2010–2020 Gross Ecosystem Product Accounting. Sustainability 2022, 14, 15624. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142315624
Zhou X, Wang Q, Zhang R, Ren B, Wu X, Wu Y, Tang J. A Spatiotemporal Analysis of Hainan Island’s 2010–2020 Gross Ecosystem Product Accounting. Sustainability. 2022; 14(23):15624. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142315624
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhou, Xiaozhen, Qianfeng Wang, Rongrong Zhang, Binyu Ren, Xiaoping Wu, Yue Wu, and Jiakui Tang. 2022. "A Spatiotemporal Analysis of Hainan Island’s 2010–2020 Gross Ecosystem Product Accounting" Sustainability 14, no. 23: 15624. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142315624