Acidified Cow Dung-Assisted Phytoextraction of Heavy Metals by Ryegrass from Contaminated Soil as an Eco-Efficient Technique
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Preparation of Acidulated Cow Dung Slurry
2.2. Pot Trial
2.3. Plant Analyses
2.3.1. Digestion
2.3.2. Pb and Cd Determination
2.3.3. Chlorophyll Contents
2.3.4. Photosynthesis System
2.3.5. Antioxidant Determination in Leaves
Ascorbate Peroxidase (APX)
Catalase (CAT) Assay
Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) Assay
Lipid Peroxidation
Peroxidase (POD)
Determination of H2O2 Contents
2.3.6. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Growth Attributes
3.2. Physiological Attributes
3.3. Gas Exchange Attributes
3.4. Antioxidant Activities
3.5. Heavy Metal (Pb and Cd) Concentration in Plant Parts and Soil after Harvest of Ryegrass
3.6. Bioconcentration and Translocation Factors of Ryegrass for Lead and Cadmium
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
- a.
- Phytoextraction is the most efficient ecofriendly soil reclamation technique and application of acidulated cow dung slurry enhanced the efficiency of this technique by increasing the availability of Pb and Cd to ryegrass.
- b.
- Application of cow dung slurry not only enhanced the availability of Pb and Cd, but also promoted the growth of ryegrass.
- c.
- Acidulated cow dung slurry also improved the antioxidative defense mechanism of ryegrass.
- d.
- For future research work, phytoextraction of heavy metals may be done at the field level with the application of acidulated cow dung slurry by growing the same or some other plant species for environmental sustainability.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Treatments | Plant Height (cm) | Shoot Fresh Biomass (g) | Shoot Dry Biomass (g) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control | Cd (mg kg−1) | Pb (mg kg−1) | Control | Cd (mg kg−1) | Pb (mg kg−1) | Control | Cd (mg kg−1) | Pb (mg kg−1) | |
Control | 57.36 ef | 50.57 k | 50.21 i | 47.07 d | 26.81 h | 30.23 g | 3.65 fg | 2.20 h | 2.30 h |
P1 | 61.29 cd | 52.02 j | 52.20 h | 50.55 c | 33.33 fg | 40.62 e | 5.17 bc | 3.58 g | 3.76 fg |
P2 | 62.45 bc | 54.38 ij | 53.17 gh | 51.56 bc | 35.18 f | 44.28 d | 5.58 b | 4.49 de | 4.15 ef |
P3 | 65.22 ab | 59.83 i | 60.38 fg | 54.11 ab | 39.50 e | 45.51 d | 5.65 b | 4.15 ef | 4.98 cd |
P4 | 67.06 a | 62.77 h | 63.05 de | 55.08 a | 40.70 e | 52.00 a–c | 6.28 a | 5.1 bc | 5.48 bc |
HSD value | 3.4727 | 3.1196 | 0.54 |
Treatments | Root Length (cm) | Root Fresh Biomass (g) | Root Dry Biomass (g) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control | Cd (mg kg−1) | Pb (mg kg−1) | Control | Cd (mg kg−1) | Pb (mg kg−1) | Control | Cd (mg kg−1) | Pb (mg kg−1) | |
Control | 47.71 ef | 28.79 k | 23.87 l | 6.72 de | 3.37 g | 4.05 g | 3.16 ef | 1.46 i | 1.53 i |
P1 | 51.43 cd | 32.26 j | 40.49 h | 8.20 b | 3.74 g | 5.25 f | 3.29 de | 2.60 h | 2.80 gh |
P2 | 53.85 bc | 34.41 ij | 42.49 gh | 8.33 b | 4.02 g | 5.36 f | 3.48 d | 2.72 h | 2.98 fg |
P3 | 55.84 ab | 36.50 i | 45.59 fg | 8.69 b | 5.26 f | 7.28 cd | 3.77 c | 3.73 c | 3.46 d |
P4 | 58.73 a | 41.25h | 50.15 de | 10.10 a | 6.3 e | 7.93 bc | 4.74 a | 4.35 b | 4.65 a |
HSD value | 3.4727 | 0.7724 | 0.2102 |
Treatments | SPAD Value | Chlorophyll ‘a’ (mg g−1 Fresh Weight) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control | Cd (mg kg−1) | Pb (mg kg−1) | Control | Cd (mg kg−1) | Pb (mg kg−1) | |
Control | 38.00 de | 23.60 h | 21.90 h | 2.4033 b | 1.2667 i | 1.4533 h |
P1 | 41.83 c | 30.70 g | 28.27 g | 2.5133 b | 1.6200 e–g | 1.4600 h |
P2 | 43.00 bc | 33.97 f | 29.30 g | 2.4767 b | 1.7033 d–f | 1.5300 gh |
P3 | 44.53 b | 36.51 e | 33.90 f | 2.7067 a | 1.7800 d | 1.6100 fg |
P4 | 48.00 a | 38.97 de | 39.10 d | 2.8167 a | 1.9833 c | 1.7333 de |
HSD value | 2.4744 | 0.0901 | ||||
Treatments | Chlorophyll ‘b’ (mg g−1 Fresh Weight) | Carotenoid Contents (mg g−1 Fresh Weight) | ||||
Control | Cd (mg kg−1) | Pb (mg kg−1) | Control | Cd (mg kg−1) | Pb (mg kg−1) | |
Control | 0.6900 de | 0.4333 j | 0.5267 hi | 0.4200 de | 0.3000 jk | 0.2167 m |
P1 | 0.7300 cd | 0.5033 i | 0.5867 fg | 0.4433 cd | 0.3200 ij | 0.2467 lm |
P2 | 0.7633 bc | 0.5267 hi | 0.6100 fg | 0.4633 cd | 0.3500 g–i | 0.2700 kl |
P3 | 0.8033 ab | 0.5767 gh | 0.6400 ef | 0.5267 b | 0.3600 gh | 0.3300 h–j |
P4 | 0.8433 a | 0.7000 d | 0.7100 cd | 0.5867 a | 0.4000 ef | 0.3800 fg |
HSD value | 0.0136 | 0.0112 |
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Ashraf, S.; Ahmad, S.R.; Ali, Q.; Ashraf, S.; Majid, M.; Zahir, Z.A. Acidified Cow Dung-Assisted Phytoextraction of Heavy Metals by Ryegrass from Contaminated Soil as an Eco-Efficient Technique. Sustainability 2022, 14, 15879. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142315879
Ashraf S, Ahmad SR, Ali Q, Ashraf S, Majid M, Zahir ZA. Acidified Cow Dung-Assisted Phytoextraction of Heavy Metals by Ryegrass from Contaminated Soil as an Eco-Efficient Technique. Sustainability. 2022; 14(23):15879. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142315879
Chicago/Turabian StyleAshraf, Sana, Sajid Rashid Ahmad, Qasim Ali, Sobia Ashraf, Muzaffar Majid, and Zahir Ahmad Zahir. 2022. "Acidified Cow Dung-Assisted Phytoextraction of Heavy Metals by Ryegrass from Contaminated Soil as an Eco-Efficient Technique" Sustainability 14, no. 23: 15879. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142315879