The Empowerment of Saudi Arabian Women through a Multidimensional Approach: The Mediating Roles of Self-Efficacy and Family Support
Abstract
:1. Introduction and Background
What are the factors that create empowerment among women in Saudi Arabia?
How do SFY and FS help develop the association of EE, SE and PE empowerment with WE?
2. Literature Review and Development of the Hypotheses
2.1. Empowerment Dimensions and Women Empowerment (WE)
2.2. Self-Efficacy (SFY) and Women Empowerment (WE)
2.3. Family Support (FS) and Women Empowerment (WE)
2.4. The Mediating Role of Self-Efficacy (SFY)
2.5. The Mediating Role of Family Support (FS)
3. Research Methods
3.1. Approach
3.2. Respondents and Data Collection
3.3. Scale Validation
3.4. Measures
4. Data Analysis and Results
4.1. Demography
4.2. Descriptive Statistics and Correlations
4.3. Measurement Model
4.4. Structural Model
4.4.1. Model Fitness
4.4.2. Assessment of Hypotheses
5. Discussion and Conclusions
6. Limitations, Implications and Future Research Paths
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Factor | Item Description | Source |
Economic empowerment [EE] | 1. I believe that monthly expenditure on food increased after joining enterprise. | [13,99] |
2. I believe that monthly savings increased after joining enterprise. | ||
3. I believe that credit facilities increased after joining enterprise. | ||
4. I believe that enterprise is beneficial for employment generation. | ||
Social empowerment [SE] | 1. I believe that family relations improved after joining enterprise. | [13,99] |
2. I believe that marital relations improved after joining enterprise. | ||
3. I believe that self-confidence improved after joining enterprise. | ||
4. I believe that I am a person of worth, at least on an equal basis with others. | ||
5. Overall, I am satisfied with myself. | ||
Political empowerment [PE] | 1. I believe that political awareness is necessary for enterprise members. | [13,99] |
2. I believe that political involvement is necessary for enterprise members. | ||
3. I believe that contact with the political leaders improves your group position. | ||
Self-efficacy [SFY] | 1. I can solve the problems that happen to my life. | [36] |
2. I have control over things that happen in my life. | ||
3. If I set my mind on some goals, I can do it effectively. | ||
4. My actions can result in what will happen to me in the future. | ||
5. I can change and fix important things to make it better for the future. | ||
Family support [FS] | 1. My family members will approve my actions. | [100] |
2. My family members encourage me to work in enterprise. | ||
3. If necessary, my family members loan me money to help me to work in enterprise. | ||
4. If necessary, my family members provide me with materials and equipment to help me while working in enterprise. | ||
5. My family members give me advice to work in enterprise or start my own business. | ||
Women empowerment [WE] | 1. It is meaningful for me to do my work. | [13,36,99] |
2. I am competent to do my work. | ||
3. I am autonomous doing my work. | ||
4. My impact is strong when I bring myself into my work. |
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Category | Frequency | Percent | |
---|---|---|---|
Marital status | Single | 92 | 29.3 |
Marital Status | 163 | 51.9 | |
Divorced | 25 | 8.0 | |
Widow/Widower | 34 | 10.8 | |
Total | 314 | 100.0 | |
Education level | Primary | 15 | 4.8 |
Secondary | 31 | 9.9 | |
Intermediate | 20 | 6.4 | |
Diploma | 24 | 7.6 | |
Higher diploma | 23 | 7.3 | |
Bachelor degree | 166 | 52.9 | |
Master’s degree | 34 | 10.8 | |
Ph.D. | 1 | 0.3 | |
Total | 314 | 100.0 | |
Province | Eastern | 106 | 33.8 |
Western | 131 | 41.7 | |
Central | 60 | 19.1 | |
Northern | 12 | 3.8 | |
Southern | 5 | 1.6 | |
Total | 314 | 100.0 | |
Family dynamics | Nuclear family | 210 | 66.88 |
Extended family | 104 | 33.12 | |
Total | 314 | 100.0 | |
Gender role | Patriarchy | 228 | 72.61 |
Matriarchy | 86 | 27.39 | |
Total | 314 | 100.0 | |
Supportive networks | Family | 240 | 76.43 |
Friends | 52 | 16.56 | |
Relatives | 22 | 7.01 | |
Total | 314 | 100.0 | |
Household/family headed by | Male | 266 | 84.71 |
Female | 48 | 15.29 | |
Total | 314 | 100.0 |
Variables | Mean | Std. Deviation | WE | EE | SE | PE | SFY | FS |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
WE | 3.219 | 0.315 | - | |||||
EE | 3.823 | 1.150 | 0.341 ** | - | ||||
SE | 3.536 | 1.182 | −0.123 | 0.293 ** | - | |||
PE | 2.003 | 1.992 | 0.400 ** | 0.421 ** | 0.139 * | - | ||
SFY | 2.982 | 1.280 | 0.329 ** | 0.381 ** | 0.366 ** | 0.109 * | - | |
FS | 3.221 | 1.232 | 0.451 ** | 0.421 ** | 0.442 ** | 0.351 ** | 0.387 ** | - |
Construct | Item Code | Factor Loadings | CR | AVE | α |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Economic empowerment [EE] | ee1 | 0.882 | 0.877 | 0.838 | 0.862 |
ee3 | 0.872 | ||||
ee2 | 0.852 | ||||
ee4 | 0.833 | ||||
Social empowerment [SE] | se1 | 0.842 | 0.828 | 0.802 | 0.827 |
se5 | 0.825 | ||||
se2 | 0.810 | ||||
se3 | 0.809 | ||||
Political empowerment [PE] | pe1 | 0.881 | 0.839 | 0.799 | 0.792 |
pe2 | 0.862 | ||||
pe3 | 0.842 | ||||
Self-efficacy [SFY] | sfy1 | 0.860 | 0.886 | 0.821 | 0.802 |
sfy2 | 0.842 | ||||
sfy3 | 0.810 | ||||
sfy5 | 0.780 | ||||
Family support [FS] | fs1 | 0.873 | 0.792 | 0.832 | 0.864 |
fs2 | 0.859 | ||||
fs4 | 0.832 | ||||
fs5 | 0.822 | ||||
Women empowerment [WE] | we1 | 0.872 | 0.762 | 0.782 | 0.855 |
we4 | 0.844 | ||||
we2 | 0.840 | ||||
we3 | 0.828 |
CMIN/df | NFI | CFI | GFI | AGFI | RMSEA |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2.493 | 0.902 | 0.911 | 0.922 | 0.910 | 0.035 |
H/No. | Relationships | Path Co-Efficient | t-Value | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
H1 | EE→WE | 0.388 | 6.672 | *** |
H2 | SE→WE | 0.332 | 7.382 | *** |
H3 | PE→WE | −0.080 | −1.081 | 0.280 |
H4 | SFY→WE | 0.303 | 5.392 | *** |
H5 | FS→WE | 0.120 | 4.382 | *** |
H/No. | Relationships | Path Co-Efficient | t-Value | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
H6a | EE→SFY→WE | 0.209 | 3.872 | *** |
H6b | SE→SFY→WE | 0.102 | 3.004 | *** |
H6c | PE→SFY→WE | 0.071 | −1.001 | 0.672 |
H7a | EE→FS→WE | 0.222 | 3.008 | *** |
H7b | SE→FS→WE | 0.329 | 4.023 | *** |
H7c | PE→FS→WE | 0.120 | 3.920 | *** |
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Al-Rashdi, N.A.S.; Abdelwahed, N.A.A. The Empowerment of Saudi Arabian Women through a Multidimensional Approach: The Mediating Roles of Self-Efficacy and Family Support. Sustainability 2022, 14, 16349. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142416349
Al-Rashdi NAS, Abdelwahed NAA. The Empowerment of Saudi Arabian Women through a Multidimensional Approach: The Mediating Roles of Self-Efficacy and Family Support. Sustainability. 2022; 14(24):16349. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142416349
Chicago/Turabian StyleAl-Rashdi, Norah Abdullatif Saleh, and Nadia Abdelhamid Abdelmegeed Abdelwahed. 2022. "The Empowerment of Saudi Arabian Women through a Multidimensional Approach: The Mediating Roles of Self-Efficacy and Family Support" Sustainability 14, no. 24: 16349. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142416349