Challenges and Strategies for Bio-Based and Biodegradable Plastic Waste Management in Europe
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- -
- New legislation related to single-use plastic;
- -
- Societal pressure;
- -
- Depletion of non-renewable resources.
2. Methodological Approach
3. Prevalence of Plastics and Bio-Based Plastics
The Forecast of Bio-Based Plastics Production
4. Waste Management of Fossil-Based and Bio-Based Plastics in Europe
4.1. Plastic Waste Main Sources and Management
- Case Study: plastic waste treatment rates in Sweden
4.2. The Main Factors Influencing Effective Plastic Waste Management
- Collection and source separation
- Sorting of commingled fractions
- Effective waste treatment systems
4.3. Bio-Based Plastics Waste Management
5. Policies, Legal Actions, and Regulations
6. Barriers and Motivators for Bio-Based and Biodegradable Plastics Market Growth and Effective Waste Management
- Bio-based and biodegradable plastics are important elements of bio-economy due to their potential to mitigate environmental impacts across the whole value chain, contributing to sustainability aspects through additional development of social and economic values.
- Similarly, the development of the bio-based and biodegradable products can be seen within the logical context of bio-economy strategy, considering the life cycle approach from biomass growth to the end-of life options;
- More joint efforts are needed to overcome existing barriers on regulatory, social, and economic level for more rapid growth of bio-based and biodegradable materials.
- Macroeconomic factors, such as crude oil prices, building on GDP, and feedstock costs;
- regulatory factors, such as taxes, subsidies, and bans;
- technological factors, such as scale effect, learning rates, and production costs;
- social factors, such as awareness, customer’s attitude, and switching intention.
7. Conclusions and Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Stasiškienė, Ž.; Barbir, J.; Draudvilienė, L.; Chong, Z.K.; Kuchta, K.; Voronova, V.; Leal Filho, W. Challenges and Strategies for Bio-Based and Biodegradable Plastic Waste Management in Europe. Sustainability 2022, 14, 16476. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142416476
Stasiškienė Ž, Barbir J, Draudvilienė L, Chong ZK, Kuchta K, Voronova V, Leal Filho W. Challenges and Strategies for Bio-Based and Biodegradable Plastic Waste Management in Europe. Sustainability. 2022; 14(24):16476. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142416476
Chicago/Turabian StyleStasiškienė, Žaneta, Jelena Barbir, Lina Draudvilienė, Zhi Kai Chong, Kerstin Kuchta, Viktoria Voronova, and Walter Leal Filho. 2022. "Challenges and Strategies for Bio-Based and Biodegradable Plastic Waste Management in Europe" Sustainability 14, no. 24: 16476. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142416476