The Third Wave of COVID-19 versus the Residential Preferences in Poland: An Assessment of Economic Factors and Psychological Determinants
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- ecological component—contact with nature has a positive effect on human health; certain landscape elements, such as noise, sounds, and weather, affect our health;
- aesthetic component—pro-health urban design is an important determinant of human health;
- physical component—natural environment affects our physical activity; landscaped areas designed and perceived to be conducive to physical activity have a bearing on actual levels of physical activity;
- psychological component—natural environment determines how we cope with stress and mental fatigue, affects our psychological well-being, and has an impact on the incidence of mental disorders;
- social component—the proximity of green spaces increases our social engagement with the environment and enhances the sense of social integration;
- educational component—green urban landscapes and rural landscapes have a positive impact on the motor, cognitive, emotional, and social development of children and adolescents.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Recruitment of Participants and Study Procedure
2.2. Study Participants
2.3. Research Tools
2.4. Data Analysis
- Is there a relationship between one’s preferences regarding contact with nature in the place of residence before the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic and one’s gender, age, background (rural or urban), and the distance of the place of residence from natural and urban green spaces?
- Is there is a correlation between preferences regarding contact with nature in the place of residence after the third wave of the COVID-19 pandemic and one’s gender, age, background (rural or urban), and the distance of the place of residence from natural and urban green spaces?
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions and Limitations
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Category | Variable | N | % |
---|---|---|---|
gender | male | 122 | 52.40 |
female | 111 | 47.60 | |
age | 25–30 | 64 | 27.47 |
31–35 | 69 | 29.61 | |
36–40 | 35 | 15.02 | |
41–50 | 41 | 17.60 | |
50–56 | 24 | 10.30 | |
place of origin | rural area | 74 | 31.80 |
urban area | 159 | 68.20 | |
I have access to my own garden | I have a garden | 39 | 16.70 |
I do not have a garden | 194 | 83.30 | |
income per capita [PLN/person] | ≥2500 | 23 | 9.90 |
2501–3500 | 100 | 42.90 | |
≤3501 | 110 | 47.20 | |
distance of the place of residence from natural green areas | 0.5 km | 19 | 8.15 |
0.51 ÷ 1.0 km | 99 | 42.49 | |
1.1 km ÷ 3.0 km | 34 | 14.59 | |
≤3 km | 81 | 34.76 | |
distance of the place of residence from urban green areas | ≥0.5 km | 77 | 33.05 |
0.51 ÷ 1.0 km | 138 | 59.23 | |
≤1.1 km | 18 | 7.73 | |
nature concern | concern for a particular species of flora or fauna * | 73 | 31.33 |
concern for companion animals and plants ** | 103 | 44.21 | |
concern for all animals and plants *** | 42 | 18.03 | |
concern for all nature **** | 15 | 6.44 |
Preferences Regarding | Value | Before the COVID-19 Pandemic | During the COVID-19 Pandemic | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Quantity | N% | Quantity | N% | ||
Proximity to natural green areas | not important/not very important | 142 | 60.94% | 9 | 3.86% |
I have no opinion | 27 | 11.59% | 33 | 14.16% | |
important/very important | 64 | 27.47% | 191 | 81.97% | |
Proximity to urban green areas | not important/not very important | 9 | 3.86% | 2 | 0.86% |
I have no opinion | 198 | 84.98% | 101 | 43.35% | |
important/very important | 26 | 11.16% | 130 | 55.79% | |
Possession of a balcony/terrace | not important/not very important | 42 | 18.03% | 29 | 12.45% |
important/very important | 191 | 81.97% | 204 | 87.55% | |
Green view outside the window | not important/not very important | 53 | 22.75% | 3 | 1.29% |
I have no opinion | 134 | 57.51% | 133 | 57.08% | |
important/very important | 46 | 19.74% | 97 | 41.63% | |
Own land outside the place of residence | not important/not very important | 126 | 54.08% | 97 | 41.63% |
important/very important | 107 | 45.92% | 136 | 58.37% | |
Having a garden | not important/not very important | 147 | 63.09% | 124 | 53.22% |
I have no opinion | 65 | 27.90% | 26 | 11.16% | |
important/very important | 21 | 9.01% | 83 | 35.62% |
Variable | Factor ‘A’ | Factor ‘B’ | Factor ‘C’ | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Loading | % | α | Loading | % | α | Loading | % | α | |
having a garden | 0.92 | 37.15 | 0.77 | ||||||
proximity to natural green areas | 0.80 | ||||||||
having a balcony/terrace | 0.77 | ||||||||
green view outside the window | 0.90 | 21.05 | - | ||||||
own land outside the place of residence | 0.87 | 16.98 | 0.09 | ||||||
proximity to urban green areas | 0.53 |
Variable | Factor ‘A’ | Factor ‘C’ | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Loading | % | α | Loading | % | α | |
having a garden | 0.86 | 40.75 | 0.77 | |||
proximity to natural green areas | 0.84 | |||||
having a balcony/terrace | 0.80 | |||||
green view outside your window | 0.57 | |||||
own land outside the place of residence | 0.73 | 19.53 | 0.24 | |||
proximity to urban green areas | 0.72 |
Variable | Female (n = 122) | Male (n = 111) | 95% CI | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M | SD | M | SD | t | p | LL | UL | d Cohena | |
preference regarding contact with nature before the pandemic | 4.61 | 1.74 | 3.97 | 1.52 | 2.97 | 0.003 | 0.21 | 1.05 | 0.39 |
preference regarding contact with nature during the pandemic | 8.91 | 2.10 | 8.14 | 2.09 | 2.81 | 0.005 | 0.23 | 1.32 | 0.37 |
Variable | Rural (n = 74) | Urban (n = 159) | Z | p | η2 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Average Rank | M | Me | Min | Average Rank | M | Me | Min | ||||
preference regarding contact with nature before the pandemic | 195.94 | 6.51 | 6.00 | 5.00 | 80.26 | 3.28 | 3.00 | 3.00 | −13.25 | <0.001 | 0.76 |
preference regarding contact with nature during the pandemic | 194.12 | 11.24 | 12.00 | 9.00 | 81.11 | 7.28 | 7.00 | 5.00 | −12.32 | <0.001 | 0.65 |
Gender | Background | Before the COVID-19 Pandemic | During the COVID-19 Pandemic | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
M | SD | M | SD | ||
Female | rural | 11.13 | 1.20 | 6.54 | 0.94 |
urban | 7.47 | 1.05 | 3.35 | 0.61 | |
Male | rural | 11.46 | 1.14 | 6.46 | 0.95 |
urban | 7.28 | 1.02 | 3.21 | 0.49 |
Effect | Preference Regarding Contact with Nature | Mean Square | df | F | p | eta |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fixed | before the pandemic | 266.29 | 3 | 241.05 | <0.001 | 0.76 |
during the pandemic | 4526.75 | 1 | 9302.82 | <0.001 | 0.98 | |
Gender | before the pandemic | <0.01 | 1 | 684.31 | 0.951 | <0.01 |
during the pandemic | 0.57 | 1 | 1.17 | 0.280 | 0.05 | |
Background | before the pandemic | 755.97 | 1 | 684.31 | <0.001 | 0.75 |
during the pandemic | 490.40 | 1 | 1007.81 | <0.001 | 0.81 | |
Gender × background | before the pandemic | 5.661 | 1 | 5.12 | 0.025 | 0.02 |
during the pandemic | 0.04 | 1 | 0.09 | 0.770 | <0.01 |
Preference Regarding Contact with Nature | ≥0.5 km (a) (n = 19) | 0.51 ÷ 1.0 km (b) (n = 99) | 1.11 ÷ 3.0 km (c) (n = 34) | ≤ 3 km (d) (n = 81) | H | p | ε2 | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Average Rank | Me | IQR | Average Rank | Me | IQR | Average Rank | Me | IQR | Average Rank | Me | IQR | ||||
before the pandemic | 101.34 a | 3 | 3 | 115.97 a,c | 3 | 3 | 80.66 a,d | 3 | 0 | 137.19 b | 3 | 3 | 20.17 | <0.001 | 0.09 |
during the pandemic | 110.42 a,b,c | 7 | 5 | 117.62 a.b,c | 7 | 3 | 86.54 a,c | 7 | 0 | 130.57 a,b | 7 | 5 | 11.06 | 0.004 | 0.05 |
Preference Regarding Contact with Nature | ≥0.5 km (a) (n = 77) | 0.51 ÷ 1.0 km (b) (n = 138) | ≤1.1 km (c) (n = 18) | H | p | ε2 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Average Rank | Me | IQR | Average Rank | Me | IQR | Average Rank | Me | IQR | ||||
before the pandemic | 114.97 a,b | 3 | 3 | 113.03 a,b | 3 | 3 | 156.11 c | 4.00 | 1.25 | 7.80 | 0.020 | 0.01 |
during the pandemic | 120.66 a | 7 | 4 | 110.99 a | 7 | 3 | 147.44 a | 9.50 | 2.25 | 5.34 | 0.069 | 0.01 |
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Stankowska, A.; Stankowska-Mazur, I. The Third Wave of COVID-19 versus the Residential Preferences in Poland: An Assessment of Economic Factors and Psychological Determinants. Sustainability 2022, 14, 1339. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14031339
Stankowska A, Stankowska-Mazur I. The Third Wave of COVID-19 versus the Residential Preferences in Poland: An Assessment of Economic Factors and Psychological Determinants. Sustainability. 2022; 14(3):1339. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14031339
Chicago/Turabian StyleStankowska, Anna, and Izabela Stankowska-Mazur. 2022. "The Third Wave of COVID-19 versus the Residential Preferences in Poland: An Assessment of Economic Factors and Psychological Determinants" Sustainability 14, no. 3: 1339. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14031339