Coupling Coordination of the Regional Economy, Tourism Industry, and the Ecological Environment: Evidence from Western China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
2.1. Connotations of Coupling and Coupling Coordinated Development
2.2. Coupling and Coordinated Development Mechanism
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Features of the Study Area
3.2. Data Sources
3.3. Development of Evaluation Index
3.4. Research Methods
3.4.1. Entropy Method and Subsystems Evaluation
3.4.2. Calculation of the Comprehensive Evaluation Index
3.4.3. Coupling Coordination Degree Model
3.4.4. Spatial Autocorrelation Model
3.4.5. Spatial Durbin Regression Model
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Comprehensive Development of the ETE System
4.2. Temporal and Spatial Coupling Coordination Characteristics of the ETE System
4.2.1. Temporal Analysis of Coupling and CCD
4.2.2. Spatial Differentiation Analysis of Coupling Coordination Degree
4.3. Analysis of Influencing Factors
4.4. Policy Implications
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Subsystem | Evaluation Index | Weights | References |
---|---|---|---|
Regional economy | GDP per capita (10,000 yuan/person) | 0.1774 | [6,18,35,49] |
Per capita local public budget revenue (10,000 yuan/person) | 0.1453 | [3,18,39,50,51] | |
Added value of secondary industry accounts for the proportion of GDP (%) | 0.1382 | [1,37,40,52] | |
Added value of tertiary industry accounts for the proportion of GDP (%) | 0.0953 | [1,37,40,49,53] | |
Urban registered unemployment rate (%) | 0.1125 | [18,39,54,55,56] | |
Proportion of urban population (%) | 0.0559 | [9,17,37,57,58] | |
Public transport vehicles per 10,000 people (units) | 0.1497 | [2,9,17,37] | |
Per capita road area (m2) | 0.1257 | [3,17,35,37,59] | |
Tourism Industry | Revenue from domestic tourism (100 million yuan) | 0.1897 | [9,17,37,53] |
Inbound tourism income (US $10,000) | 0.0731 | [6,18,35,40] | |
Domestic tourists number (10,000 people) | 0.1154 | [18,39,54,60] | |
Inbound tourists number (10,000 people) | 0.0735 | [9,17,37] | |
Star-rated hotels number (pieces/km2) | 0.1060 | [6,18,35] | |
Number of travel agencies (units/km2) | 0.0778 | [3,18,39] | |
Per capita consumption level of tourism (yuan/person) | 0.0794 | [1,37,40] | |
Proportion of tourism income in GDP (%) | 0.1281 | [3,10,37] | |
Proportion of tourism employees in tertiary industry (%) | 0.1078 | [3,10,37,53] | |
Inbound tourism stays time (days [d]) | 0.0492 | [3,10,37] | |
Ecological environment | Park green area per capita (m2) | 0.1548 | [10,18,37] |
Green built-up area rate (%) | 0.1329 | [10,18,37] | |
Ambient air quality index (%) | 0.1367 | [38,53,61,62] | |
Urban sewage treatment rate (%) | 0.1197 | [5,6,49,63] | |
Rate of treatment for pollution-free domestic garbage (%) | 0.1159 | [9,18,24,64] | |
Annual emissions of industrial waste water (10 4 t/million) | 0.1288 | [9,18,24,64] | |
Industrial sulfur dioxide emissions (10 4 t/ million) | 0.1137 | [9,18,24,64] | |
In general, industrial solid waste emissions (10 4 t/million) | 0.0975 | [17,24,37] |
Score Value of Coupling Coordination (D) | Coordination Level | Coupling Development Stage |
---|---|---|
0–0.09 | Extreme imbalance | Low-level coupling coordination stage |
0.10–0.19 | Severe imbalance | |
0.20–0.29 | Moderate disorder | |
0.30–0.39 | Mild disorder | Antagonism stage |
0.40–0.49 | On the verge of maladjustment | |
0.50–0.59 | Barely tuned | Run-in stage |
0.60–0.69 | Primary disorder | |
0.70–0.79 | Intermediate disorder | |
0.80–0.89 | Well discussed | High-level coupling stage |
0.90–1.00 | Quality disorder |
Years | Moran’s I Index | z-Value | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
2010 | 0.156 | 3.125 | 0.001 |
2013 | 0.112 | 2.138 | 0.003 |
2016 | 0.072 | 1.687 | 0.086 |
2019 | 0.023 | 1.365 | 0.143 |
Statistical Test | t-Value | p-Value | Decision on Null Hypothesis |
---|---|---|---|
LM-lag | 49.622 | 0.000 | Rejected |
R-LM-lag | 26.383 | 0.000 | Rejected |
LM-error | 10.385 | 0.000 | Rejected |
R-LM-error | 3.456 | 0.026 | Rejected |
LR-SLM | 18.362 | 0.001 | Rejected |
LR-SEM | 17.491 | 0.001 | Rejected |
LR-time | 49.053 | 0.000 | Rejected |
LR-spatial | 114.435 | 0.000 | Rejected |
Wald-error | 18.419 | 0.002 | Rejected |
Wald-lag | 16.432 | 0.000 | Rejected |
Hausman | 59.654 | 0.000 | Rejected |
Variables | SDM | Direct Effect | Indirect Effect | Total Effect | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Coefficient | p-Value | Coefficient | p-Value | Coefficient | p-Value | Coefficient | p-Value | |
lnecon | 1.445 *** | 0.001 | 0.573 *** | 0.000 | 0.398 *** | 0.001 | 0.971 *** | 0.045 |
lntou | 0.967 * | 0.016 | 0.656 * | 0.023 | 0.247 * | 0.044 | 0.903 * | 0.000 |
lnecoe | 0.737 *** | 0.000 | 0.514 ** | 0.003 | 0.318 *** | 0.000 | 0.832 *** | 0.000 |
ρ | 0.467 *** | |||||||
σ2 | 0.000 *** | |||||||
R2 | 0.867 | |||||||
logL | 328.43 |
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Zhang, F.; Sarker, M.N.I.; Lv, Y. Coupling Coordination of the Regional Economy, Tourism Industry, and the Ecological Environment: Evidence from Western China. Sustainability 2022, 14, 1654. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14031654
Zhang F, Sarker MNI, Lv Y. Coupling Coordination of the Regional Economy, Tourism Industry, and the Ecological Environment: Evidence from Western China. Sustainability. 2022; 14(3):1654. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14031654
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Fengting, Md Nazirul Islam Sarker, and Yang Lv. 2022. "Coupling Coordination of the Regional Economy, Tourism Industry, and the Ecological Environment: Evidence from Western China" Sustainability 14, no. 3: 1654. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14031654