Influence of Tourism Safety Perception on Destination Image: A Case Study of Xinjiang, China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
2.1. Tourism Safety Perception
2.2. Destination Image
2.3. Influence of Tourism Safety Perception on Destination Image
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Study Area: Xinjiang
3.2. Research Steps and Data Sources
3.3. Research Methods
3.3.1. Content Analysis
3.3.2. Diversity Index
3.3.3. One-Way ANOVA
3.3.4. Factor Analysis
4. Results
4.1. Classification of Tourism Safety Perception Groups
4.2. Influence of Safety Perception on Stereotype Image
4.2.1. Content Differences in Image Phrases between Different Safety Perception Groups
4.2.2. Affection Differences in Image Phrases between Different Safety Perception Groups
4.2.3. Image Phrase Frequency Distribution of Different Safety Perception Groups
4.2.4. Diversity Differences in Image Phrases between Different Safety Perception Groups
4.3. Influence of Safety Perception on Cognitive Image
4.3.1. Influence of Safety Perception on Cognitive Image Factors
4.3.2. Influence of Safety Perception on the Cognitive Image Dimension
4.4. Influence of Safety Perception on Affective Image
4.5. Influence of Safety Perception on Conative Image
5. Discussion
5.1. Theoretical Implications
5.2. Practical Implications
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Category | Frequency | Percentage/% | Category | Frequency | Percentage/% | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | Male | 347 | 60.77 | Education | Junior high school and below | 33 | 5.78 |
Female | 223 | 39.05 | Senior high school | 87 | 15.24 | ||
Null | 1 | 0.18 | College and university | 389 | 68.13 | ||
Age | ≤18 years | 26 | 4.55 | Graduate school | 58 | 10.16 | |
18–25 years | 203 | 35.55 | Null | 4 | 0.7 | ||
26–35 years | 157 | 27.5 | Occupation | Student | 150 | 26.27 | |
36–45 years | 97 | 16.99 | Teacher | 62 | 10.86 | ||
46–60 years | 74 | 12.96 | Civil servant | 81 | 14.19 | ||
≥60 years | 13 | 2.28 | Enterprise staff | 116 | 20.32 | ||
Null | 1 | 0.18 | Business people | 30 | 5.25 | ||
Monthly income | ≤2000 RMB | 146 | 25.57 | Soldier | 9 | 1.58 | |
2001–5000 RMB | 146 | 25.57 | Farmer | 13 | 2.28 | ||
5001–10,000 RMB | 159 | 27.85 | Self-employed | 64 | 11.21 | ||
10,001–15,000 RMB | 44 | 7.71 | Retired people | 15 | 2.63 | ||
15,001–20,000 RMB | 24 | 4.2 | Others | 28 | 4.9 | ||
≥20,000 RMB | 30 | 5.25 | Null | 3 | 0.53 | ||
Null | 22 | 3.85 |
Safety Factors | 1 n = 213 | 2 n = 273 | 3 n = 137 | Safety Factors | 1 n = 213 | 2 n = 273 | 3 n = 137 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Earthquake | 4.86 | 4.35 | 4.26 | Traffic Accident | 4.69 | 3.65 | 2.68 |
Snow Disaster | 4.85 | 4.29 | 4.05 | Fire and Explosion | 4.91 | 3.90 | 2.80 |
Landslides | 4.71 | 3.84 | 3.51 | Tourist Facilities | 4.83 | 3.71 | 2.85 |
Theft and Robbery | 4.80 | 4.12 | 2.74 | Crowding and Trampling | 4.88 | 3.83 | 2.83 |
Pornography, Gambling and Drugs | 4.92 | 4.16 | 2.85 | Language Barriers | 4.47 | 3.42 | 2.54 |
Violent and Terrorist Events | 4.82 | 3.82 | 2.43 | Cab Service | 4.67 | 3.62 | 2.23 |
Going Out At 11:00 | 4.85 | 3.88 | 2.66 | Scenic Spot Service | 4.68 | 3.57 | 2.50 |
Police Presence | 4.92 | 4.12 | 3.02 | Shopping Scams | 4.73 | 3.53 | 2.29 |
Food Hygiene | 4.77 | 3.66 | 2.67 | Defrauding Tourists | 4.76 | 3.42 | 2.15 |
Accommodation Hygiene | 4.63 | 3.43 | 2.46 | Tourism Complaints | 4.71 | 3.46 | 2.23 |
Infectious Diseases | 4.80 | 3.71 | 2.78 | Rescue Ability | 4.82 | 3.53 | 2.34 |
No. | High Safety Perception Group | Medium Safety Perception Group | Low Safety Perception Group | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Phrases | Frequency/% | Phrases | Frequency/% | Phrases | Frequency/% | |
1 | Beautiful | 6.19 | Large | 5.47 | Mutton Kebabs | 7.09 |
2 | Large | 5.15 | Vast | 5.03 | Deserts | 5.62 |
3 | Gourmet Food | 3.92 | Tianshan Tianchi | 4.88 | Large | 4.89 |
4 | Deserts | 3.92 | Gourmet Food | 4.59 | Hami Melon | 4.16 |
5 | Far Away | 3.51 | Deserts | 4.14 | Grapes | 4.16 |
6 | Fruits | 3.30 | Beautiful | 3.99 | Tianshan Tianchi | 3.67 |
7 | Mutton Kebabs | 3.09 | Mutton Kebabs | 3.85 | Beautiful | 3.42 |
8 | Vast | 3.09 | Grapes | 3.40 | Vast | 3.18 |
9 | Ethnic Minorities | 2.89 | Fruits | 2.81 | Beautiful Girls | 3.18 |
10 | Tianshan Tianchi | 2.68 | Grasslands | 2.66 | Far Away | 3.18 |
11 | Grapes | 2.47 | Far Away | 2.66 | Gourmet Food | 2.69 |
12 | Grasslands | 2.27 | Gobi | 1.92 | Raisins | 2.44 |
13 | Beautiful Scenery | 2.06 | Hami Melon | 1.78 | Grasslands | 2.20 |
14 | Hami Melon | 1.65 | Mutton | 1.78 | Chicken with Big Dish | 2.20 |
15 | Roast Meat | 1.65 | Vast Size and Resources | 1.63 | Gobi | 1.96 |
16 | Beautiful Girls | 1.65 | Melons and Fruits | 1.63 | Uyghur | 1.96 |
17 | Landscape | 1.24 | Uyghur | 1.63 | Ethnic Minorities | 1.71 |
18 | Mutton | 1.24 | Beautiful Girls | 1.48 | Mutton | 1.71 |
19 | Vast Size and Resources | 1.03 | Beautiful Scenery | 1.33 | Violent Terrorist Events | 1.47 |
20 | Songs and Dances | 1.03 | Raisins | 1.33 | Vast size and Resources | 1.47 |
Total | Cumulative Frequency | 54.02 | Cumulative Frequency | 57.99 | Cumulative Frequency | 62.35 |
Positive Phrases/% | Negative Phrases/% | |
---|---|---|
High Safety Perception Group | 22.68 | 1.65 |
Medium Safety Perception Group | 17.16 | 2.07 |
Low Safety Perception Group | 15.16 | 4.89 |
1 | 2 | 3 | Index to Compare | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Richness Index, Mn | 6.811 | 6.538 | 5.439 | 1 > 2 > 3 |
Diversity Index, H | 4.412 | 4.337 | 4.084 | 1 > 2 > 3 |
Uniformity Index, E | 0.881 | 0.844 | 0.869 | 1 > 2, 1 > 3 |
Dominance Index, D | 0.021 | 0.023 | 0.026 | 1 < 2 < 3 |
No. | Image Factors | F | Sig. | Multiple Comparisons | No. | Image Factors | F | Sig. | Multiple Comparisons |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Xinjiang is very Large | 1.468 | 0.231 | 23 | Many Grasslands | 9.789 | 0.000 | 1 > 2 > 3 | |
2 | Xinjiang is Far Away | 3.386 | 0.035 | 3 > 2 | 24 | Tianshan Tianchi | 7.004 | 0.001 | 1 > 3 |
3 | Convenient Transportation | 15.322 | 0.000 | 1 > 2 > 3 | 25 | Beautiful Kanas | 19.522 | 0.000 | 1 > 2 > 3 |
4 | Mystery | 0.663 | 0.516 | 26 | Yili Scenery | 18.365 | 0.000 | 1 > 2, 1 > 3 | |
5 | Dry Climate | 1.326 | 0.266 | 27 | Dokku Highway | 8.301 | 0.000 | 1 > 2, 1 > 3 | |
6 | Great Temperature Difference | 1.088 | 0.338 | 28 | Suitable for Self-drive | 8.557 | 0.000 | 1 > 2, 1 > 3 | |
7 | Many Deserts | 1.317 | 0.269 | 29 | Ancient Silk Road | 8.491 | 0.000 | 1 > 2, 1 > 3 | |
8 | Glacier and Snow Mountains | 3.800 | 0.023 | 1 > 3 | 30 | Cheap Accommodation | 14.746 | 0.000 | 1 > 2, 1 > 3 |
9 | Many Mountains and Lakes | 8.973 | 0.000 | 1 > 2, 1 > 3 | 31 | Hotel Service | 24.818 | 0.000 | 1 > 2 > 3 |
10 | Local Culture | 10.908 | 0.000 | 1 > 2, 1 > 3 | 32 | Dutiful Tour Guide | 20.725 | 0.000 | 1 > 2 > 3 |
11 | Long History | 9.196 | 0.000 | 1 > 2, 1 > 3 | 33 | Diverse Ethnic Minorities | 15.662 | 0.000 | 1 > 2, 1 > 3 |
12 | Many Airports | 8.731 | 0.000 | 1 > 2, 1 > 3 | 34 | Islamic Culture | 8.062 | 0.000 | 1 > 2, 1 > 3 |
13 | Ecological Environment | 14.589 | 0.000 | 1 > 2 > 3 | 35 | Xinjiang Cuisine | 21.108 | 0.000 | 1 > 2 > 3 |
14 | Architectural Features | 13.155 | 0.000 | 1 > 2, 1 > 3 | 36 | Mutton with Special Features | 15.545 | 0.000 | 1 > 2, 1 > 3 |
15 | City Modernization | 21.045 | 0.000 | 1 > 2 > 3 | 37 | Hometown of Melons and Fruits | 11.049 | 0.000 | 1 > 2, 1 > 3 |
16 | Cab service | 22.461 | 0.000 | 1 > 2, 1 > 3 | 38 | Hometown of Songs and Dances | 8.784 | 0.000 | 1 > 2, 1 > 3 |
17 | Convenient Accommodation | 31.364 | 0.000 | 1 > 2 > 3 | 39 | Social Security | 25.663 | 0.000 | 1 > 2 > 3 |
18 | Special Tourist Routes | 22.298 | 0.000 | 1 > 2, 1 > 3 | 40 | Hospitable Locals | 30.322 | 0.000 | 1 > 2 > 3 |
19 | Numerous Attractions | 11.036 | 0.000 | 1 > 2, 1 > 3 | 41 | Honest Ethnic Minorities | 34.787 | 0.000 | 1 > 2 > 3 |
20 | Tourist Center | 33.753 | 0.000 | 1 > 2 > 3 | 42 | Rich Nightlife | 20.157 | 0.000 | 1 > 2, 1 > 3 |
21 | Attractive Scenery | 17.108 | 0.000 | 1 > 2, 1 > 3 | 43 | Tourist Souvenirs | 22.646 | 0.000 | 1 > 2 > 3 |
22 | Natural Scenery | 16.217 | 0.000 | 1 > 2, 1 > 3 | 44 | Rich Gourmet Food | 20.835 | 0.000 | 1 > 2 > 3 |
Image Dimensions | Image Factors | Factor Loading | Image Dimensions | Image Factors | Factor Loading |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Service Facilities (16.630%) | Special Tourist Routes | 0.737 | Local Cuisine (11.608%) | Mutton with Special Features | 0.739 |
Tourist Center | 0.736 | Xinjiang Cuisine | 0.737 | ||
City Modernization | 0.726 | Rich Gourmet Food | 0.664 | ||
Hotel Service | 0.697 | Hometown of Melons and Fruits | 0.602 | ||
Cab Service | 0.679 | Hometown of Songs and Dances | 0.563 | ||
Dutiful Tour Guide | 0.634 | Local Culture (8.141%) | Long History | 0.786 | |
Rich Nightlife | 0.628 | Local Culture | 0.771 | ||
Tourist Attraction (15.753%) | Natural Scenery | 0.739 | Ancient Silk Road | 0.448 | |
Attractive Scenery | 0.726 | Climate Environment (7.930%) | Dry Climate | 0.798 | |
Many Grasslands | 0.703 | Great Temperature Difference | 0.748 | ||
Yili Scenery | 0.690 | Many Deserts | 0.715 | ||
Beautiful Kanas | 0.660 | ||||
Dokku Highway | 0.619 |
Image Dimensions | Mean Value | F | Sig. | Multiple Comparisons | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | ||||
Service Facilities | 4.082 | 3.620 | 3.388 | 47.041 | 0.000 | 1 > 2 > 3 |
Tourist Attractions | 4.665 | 4.401 | 4.233 | 24.899 | 0.000 | 1 > 2 > 3 |
Local Cuisine | 4.672 | 4.427 | 4.259 | 25.149 | 0.000 | 1 > 2 > 3 |
Local Culture | 4.705 | 4.456 | 4.437 | 14.046 | 0.000 | 1 > 2, 1 > 3 |
Climate Environment | 4.450 | 4.339 | 4.419 | 1.912 | 0.149 |
Image Factor | Mean Value | F | Sig. | Multiple Comparisons | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | ||||
Pleasant | 4.676 | 4.451 | 4.110 | 23.356 | 0.000 | 1 > 2 > 3 |
Exciting | 4.492 | 4.087 | 3.766 | 30.472 | 0.000 | 1 > 2 > 3 |
Relaxing | 4.591 | 4.180 | 3.894 | 24.453 | 0.000 | 1 > 2 > 3 |
Arousing | 4.398 | 4.125 | 3.912 | 10.887 | 0.000 | 1 > 2 > 3 |
Image Factor | Mean Value | F | Sig. | Multiple Comparisons | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | ||||
Whether Satisfied | 4.163 | 3.948 | 3.910 | 4.391 | 0.013 | 1 > 3 |
Whether Willing to Revisit | 4.286 | 3.892 | 3.659 | 28.780 | 0.000 | 1 > 2 > 3 |
Whether to Revisit | 4.475 | 4.249 | 3.951 | 13.485 | 0.000 | 1 > 2 > 3 |
Whether to Recommend | 4.711 | 4.554 | 4.319 | 10.377 | 0.000 | 1 > 3, 2 > 3 |
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Ding, G.; Wu, J. Influence of Tourism Safety Perception on Destination Image: A Case Study of Xinjiang, China. Sustainability 2022, 14, 1663. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14031663
Ding G, Wu J. Influence of Tourism Safety Perception on Destination Image: A Case Study of Xinjiang, China. Sustainability. 2022; 14(3):1663. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14031663
Chicago/Turabian StyleDing, Guijin, and Jinfeng Wu. 2022. "Influence of Tourism Safety Perception on Destination Image: A Case Study of Xinjiang, China" Sustainability 14, no. 3: 1663. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14031663