The Triple Blow Effect: Retailing in an Era of Disasters and Pandemics—The Case of Christchurch, New Zealand
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
2.1. Consumer Behavior during Crises and Disasters
2.2. Retail Modes and Consumer Online Shopping Behaviour
2.3. Retailing in the City Centre and Place Making
2.4. Retailing in Christchurch, New Zealand
3. Data and Findings
3.1. Shocks Are a Regular Occurrence
3.2. Emergence of Online Shopping
3.3. Similarities and Differences across Shocks
3.4. Visitor Spending
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Hall, C.M. Financial crises in tourism and beyond: Connecting economic, resource and environmental securities. In Tourism and Crisis; Routledge: Abingdon, UK, 2013; pp. 22–44. [Google Scholar]
- Liu, C.; Black, W.C.; Lawrence, F.C.; Garrison, M.B. Post-disaster coping and recovery: The role of perceived changes in the retail facilities. J. Bus. Res. 2012, 65, 641–647. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Peterson, M.; Ekici, A. Consumer attitude toward marketing and subjective quality of life in the context of a developing country. J. Macromarketing 2007, 27, 350–359. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cruz-Cardenas, J.; Zabelina, E.; Guadalupe-Lanas, J.; Palacio-Fierro, A.; Ramos-Galarza, C. COVID-19, consumer behavior, technology, and society: A literature review and bibliometric analysis. Technol. Forecast. Soc. Chang. 2021, 173, 121179. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sheth, J. Impact of COVID-19 on consumer behavior: Will the old habits return or die? J. Bus. Res. 2020, 117, 280–283. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Anderson, S.; Rayburn, S.W.; Sierra, J.J.; Murdock, K.; McGeorge, A. Consumer buying behavior and retailer strategy through a crisis: A futures studies perspective. J. Mark. Theory Pract. 2021, 1–19. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sarmento, M.; Marques, S.; Galan-Ladero, M. Consumption dynamics during recession and recovery: A learning journey. J. Retail. Consum. Serv. 2019, 50, 226–234. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Dyason, D.; Kleynhans, E. The displacement of retail spending by students in host cities owing to COVID-19: A case study. Tydskr. Vir Geesteswet. 2021, 61, 350–366. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pan, X.; Dresner, M.; Mantin, B.; Zhang, J.A. Pre-Hurricane Consumer Stockpiling and Post-Hurricane Product Availability: Empirical Evidence from Natural Experiments. Prod. Oper. Manag. 2020, 29, 2350–2380. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Alatrista-Salas, H.; Gauthier, V.; Nunez-Del-Prado, M.; Becker, M. Impact of natural disasters on consumer behavior: Case of the 2017 El Niño phenomenon in Peru. PLoS ONE 2021, 16, e0244409. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gstraunthaler, T.; Day, R. Avian influenza in the UK: Knowledge, risk perception and risk reduction strategies. Br. Food J. 2008, 110, 260–270. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Finsterwalder, J.; Kabadayi, S.; Fisk, R.P.; Boenigk, S. Creating hospitable service systems for refugees during a pandemic: Leveraging resources for service inclusion. J. Serv. Theory Pract. 2020, 31, 247–263. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dorn, M.L.; Keirns, C.C. Disability, health and citizenship. In The SAGE Handbook of Social Geographies; Smith, S.J., Pain, R., Marston, S.A., Jones, J.P., III, Eds.; SAGE Publications: London, UK, 2010; pp. 99–117. [Google Scholar]
- Hall, C.; Fieger, P.; Prayag, G.; Dyason, D. Panic Buying and Consumption Displacement during COVID-19: Evidence from New Zealand. Economies 2021, 9, 46. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hall, M.C.; Prayag, G.; Fieger, P.; Dyason, D. Beyond panic buying: Consumption displacement and COVID-19. J. Serv. Manag. 2021, 32, 113–128. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Omar, N.A.; Nazri, M.A.; Ali, M.H.; Alam, S.S. The panic buying behavior of consumers during the COVID-19 pandemic: Examining the influences of uncertainty, perceptions of severity, perceptions of scarcity, and anxiety. J. Retail. Consum. Serv. 2021, 62, 102600. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kim, D.; Yun, J.; Kim, K.; Lee, S. A Comparative Study of the Robustness and Resilience of Retail Areas in Seoul, Korea before and after the COVID-19 Outbreak, Using Big Data. Sustainability 2021, 13, 3302. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kursan Milaković, I. Purchase experience during the COVID-19 pandemic and social cognitive theory: The relevance of consumer vulnerability, resilience, and adaptability for purchase satisfaction and repurchase. Int. J. Consum. Stud. 2021, 45, 1425–1442. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- de Ruiter, M.C.; Couasnon, A.; Homberg, M.J.V.D.; Daniell, J.E.; Gill, J.C.; Ward, P.J. Why We Can No Longer Ignore Consecutive Disasters. Earth’s Futur. 2020, 8, e2019EF001425. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Runkle, J.; Svendsen, E.R.; Hamann, M.; Kwok, R.K.; Pearce, J. Population health adaptation approaches to the increasing severity and frequency of weather-related disasters resulting from our changing climate: A literature review and application to Charleston, South Carolina. Curr. Environ. Health Rep. 2018, 5, 439–452. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ladds, M.; Keating, A.; Handmer, J.; Magee, L. How much do disasters cost? A comparison of disaster cost estimates in Australia. Int. J. Disaster Risk Reduct. 2017, 21, 419–429. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Coronese, M.; Lamperti, F.; Keller, K.; Chiaromonte, F.; Roventini, A. Evidence for sharp increase in the economic damages of extreme natural disasters. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2019, 116, 21450–21455. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Koch, J.; Frommeyer, B.; Schewe, G. Online shopping motives during the COVID-19 pandemic—Lessons from the crisis. Sustainability 2020, 12, 10247. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ang, S.H. Crisis marketing: A comparison across economic scenarios. Int. Bus. Rev. 2001, 10, 263–284. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sheu, J.-B.; Choi, T.-M. Proactive Hoarding, Precautionary Buying, and Postdisaster Retail Market Recovery. IEEE Trans. Eng. Manag. 2021, 1–15. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ferguson, J.L.; Ellen, P.S.; Piscopo, G.H. Suspicion and perceptions of price fairness in times of crisis. J. Bus. Ethics 2011, 98, 331–349. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, X.; Zhou, Y.; Wong, Y.D.; Wang, X.; Yuen, K.F. What influences panic buying behaviour? A model based on dual-system theory and stimulus-organism-response framework. Int. J. Disaster Risk Reduct. 2021, 64, 102484. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- UNCTAD. Has Changed Online Shopping Forever, Survey Shows. Available online: https://unctad.org/news/covid-19-has-changed-online-shopping-forever-survey-show (accessed on 28 November 2021).
- UNCTAD. Global E-Commerce Jumps to $26.7 Trillion, Fuelled by COVID-19. Available online: https://news.un.org/en/story/2021/05/1091182 (accessed on 28 November 2021).
- Källström, L.; Persson, S.; Westergren, J. The role of place in city centre retailing. Place Branding Public Dipl. 2021, 17, 36–49. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rozhkov, K.; Skriabina, N.I. Places, users, and place uses: A theoretical approach to place market analysis. J. Place Manag. Dev. 2015, 8, 103–122. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sparks, L. Restructuring Scottish grocery retailing: The rise and demise of Shoprite and Wm Low. Int. J. Retail. Distrib. Manag. 1995, 23, 28–36. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Helm, S.; Kim, S.H.; Van Riper, S. Navigating the ‘retail apocalypse’: A framework of consumer evaluations of the new retail landscape. J. Retail. Consum. Serv. 2020, 54, 101683. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pearson, M.M.; Hickman, T.M.; Lawrence, K.E. Retail recovery from natural disasters: New Orleans versus eight other United States disaster sites. Int. Rev. Retail. Distrib. Consum. Res. 2011, 21, 415–444. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Forbes, S.L. Post-disaster consumption: Analysis from the 2011 Christchurch earthquake. Int. Rev. Retail. Distrib. Consum. Res. 2017, 27, 28–42. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kachali, H.; Whitman, Z.; Stevenson, J.; Vargo, J.M.; Seville, E.; Wilson, T.M. Industry sector recovery following the Canterbury earthquakes. Int. J. Disaster Risk Reduct. 2015, 12, 42–52. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Statistics New Zealand. Canterbury: The Rebuild by the Numbers; Statistics New Zealand: Wellington, New Zealand, 2018. [Google Scholar]
- Hall, C.M.; Malinen, S.; Vosslamber, R.; Wordsworth, R. Business and Post-Disaster Management: Business, Organisational and Consumer Resilience and the Christchurch Earthquakes; Routledge: London, UK, 2016. [Google Scholar]
- Amore, A.; Michael Hall, C.; Jenkins, J. They never said ‘Come here and let’s talk about it’: Exclusion and non-decision-making in the rebuild of Christchurch, New Zealand. Local Econ. 2017, 32, 617–639. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Amore, A.; Hall, C.M. ‘Regeneration is the Focus Now’: Anchor Projects and Delivering a New CBD for Christchurch. In Business and Post-Disaster Management; Routledge: London, UK, 2016; pp. 181–199. [Google Scholar]
- Finsterwalder, J.; Hall, C.M. Disasters, Urban Regeneration and the Temporality of Servicescapes. In Business and Post-Disaster Management; Routledge: London, UK, 2016; pp. 230–248. [Google Scholar]
- Hall, C.M.; Amore, A. The 2015 Cricket World Cup in Christchurch Using an event for post-disaster reimagine and regeneration. J. Place Manag. Dev. 2019, 13, 4–17. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zenker, S. How to catch a city? The concept and measurement of place brands. J. Place Manag. Dev. 2011, 4, 40–52. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dawson, J. Retail Geography (RLE Retailing and Distribution); Routledge: London, UK, 2012; Volume 7. [Google Scholar]
- Colliers. Christchurch Market Summit Presentation. 2020. Available online: https://www.colliers.co.nz/en-nz/research/colliers-pcnz-christchurch-market-summit-presentation-2020 (accessed on 12 November 2021).
- Christchurch City Council. Tracking the Progress of Our Central City. Available online: https://www.ccc.govt.nz/culture-and-community/central-city-christchurch/our-progress/ (accessed on 8 September 2021).
- Radio New Zealand. How COVID Has Changed Our Spending Habits; Radio New Zealand: Wellington, New Zealand, 2020. [Google Scholar]
- Shaw, A. Covid 19 Coronavirus: Three Ways COVID-19 Has Changed Consumer Behaviour. New Zealand Herald. Available online: https://www.nzherald.co.nz/business/coronavirus-how-covid-19-has-affected-consumer-behaviour-spending/VXWO4XGCU2OZYFJQCONTTTHGZA/ (accessed on 5 November 2021).
- Verisk New Zealand. From Spending to Strategy. Available online: https://marketview.co.nz/solutions/ (accessed on 9 September 2021).
- Statistics New Zealand. New Zealand Business Demography Statistics: At February 2021; Statistics New Zealand: Wellington, New Zealand, 2021. [Google Scholar]
- Statistics New Zealand. Tourism Satellite Account: Year Ended March 2020; Statistics New Zealand: Wellington, New Zealand, 2020. [Google Scholar]
- Dyason, D.; Fieger, P.; Rossouw, R. COVID-19, the Effect of Lockdowns on Retail Expenditure and Displacement Effects on the Regional Economy. Australas. J. Reg. Stud. 2021, 27, 66–87. [Google Scholar]
- Dyason, D.; Fieger, P. Successful visitor market transition for the hospitality industry. A case study of Christchurch, New Zealand. In Proceedings of the 32nd Annual Conference of the South African Institute of Management Scientists, Online: North-West University 2021: Southern African Institute for Management Scientists, Johannesburg, South Africa, 13–14 September 2021. [Google Scholar]
- Mortimer, G.; Grimmer, L.; Maginn, P. The suburbs are the future of post-COVID retail. The Conversation, 1 November 2020. [Google Scholar]
- Ballantine, P.; Zafar, S.; Parsons, A.G. Changes in retail shopping behaviour in the aftermath of an earthquake. Int. Rev. Retail. Distrib. Consum. Res. 2014, 24, 1–13. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dyason, D.; Kleynhans, E.; McDonagh, J. Beyond commercial real estate development: Student spending and economic recovery. In Proceedings of the Pacific-Rim Real Estate Society Conference, Virtual Conference, Australia, 4 February 2021. [Google Scholar]
- BAYLEYS. Auckland Retail Market Update 2021. Available online: https://www.bayleys.co.nz/media/6bd5e9a8-ea4f-4666-84e9-ff7095dcbcdc (accessed on 9 September 2021).
- Newstalk, Z.B. Auckland CBD Struggling to Attract Visitors. Available online: https://www.newstalkzb.co.nz/on-air/the-sunday-session/audio/megan-singleton-why-auckland-is-worth-a-visit/ (accessed on 8 November 2021).
- Anh, T.T.; Anh, T.T. Retail business in an emerging economy: The case of Vietnam. Ho Chi Minh City Open Univ. J. Sci.-Econ. Bus. Adm. 2012, 2, 67–77. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kim, J.; Park, J. A consumer shopping channel extension model: Attitude shift toward the online store. J. Fash. Mark. Manag. Int. J. 2005, 9, 106–121. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Doherty, N.F.; Ellis-Chadwick, F. Internet retailing: The past, the present and the future. Int. J. Retail. Distrib. Manag. 2010, 38, 943–965. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Kerr, J.; Couchman, J. “The Drop” Was Shallower, and “The Rebound” Is Coming. Available online: https://inner.kiwi/commentary/drop-was-shallower-and-rebound-coming/ (accessed on 12 November 2021).
- Fieger, P.; Rice, J. Modeling Chinese inbound tourism arrivals into Christchurch. E-Rev. Tour. Res. 2018, 15, 404–414. [Google Scholar]
- I.E. Ministry of Business. Monthly Regional Tourism Estimates (MRTEs, 2016–2020); I.E. Ministry of Business: Wellington, New Zealand, 2021. [Google Scholar]
- BERL. Consumer Spending Poised for a Strong Bounce Back. Available online: https://berl.co.nz/economic-insights/asia-and-pacific-retail-markets-trade-and-industry/consumer-spending-poise (accessed on 17 January 2021).
- Hall, C.M.; Le-Klähn, D.-T. Tourism, Public Transport and Sustainable Mobility; Channel View Publications: Bristol, UK, 2017. [Google Scholar]
Disruptive Event Stage | Earthquakes | COVID-19 | Online Retail |
---|---|---|---|
Pre-event |
|
|
|
During event |
|
|
|
Aftermath |
|
|
|
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Dyason, D.; Fieger, P.; Prayag, G.; Hall, C.M. The Triple Blow Effect: Retailing in an Era of Disasters and Pandemics—The Case of Christchurch, New Zealand. Sustainability 2022, 14, 1779. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14031779
Dyason D, Fieger P, Prayag G, Hall CM. The Triple Blow Effect: Retailing in an Era of Disasters and Pandemics—The Case of Christchurch, New Zealand. Sustainability. 2022; 14(3):1779. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14031779
Chicago/Turabian StyleDyason, David, Peter Fieger, Girish Prayag, and C. Michael Hall. 2022. "The Triple Blow Effect: Retailing in an Era of Disasters and Pandemics—The Case of Christchurch, New Zealand" Sustainability 14, no. 3: 1779. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14031779