Effectiveness of Chemical- and Hazardous-Waste-Based MEAs in Sustaining Life and Land: Analysis of Implementing Legislations and Practice in Ethiopia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. The Impacts of CHW Pollution on the Environment and Human Health: The MIDROC Gold Mine Case
“Explosions, which are used to break the rock to extract the ore, create huge amounts of dust carried on the wind into the surrounding communities. The large machines used for crushing the rock into small particles also generate large amounts of dust. During the dry season, portions of the tailings ponds dry up, leaving behind the toxic residue. This toxic residue and the heavy-metal-laden dust from the open pits are blown about by the wind, polluting the air people breathe and poisoning crops and plants. Finally, both the water and the air contaminate the soil in which people grow their crops.”[14]
3. CHW-Oriented Multilateral Environmental Agreements: ESM in Focus
3.1. An Overview
3.2. Environmentally Sound Management of CHWs
“Environmentally sound management of hazardous wastes or other wastes” means taking all practicable steps to ensure that hazardous wastes or other wastes are managed in a manner that will protect human health and the environment against the adverse effects which may result from such wastes.[20]
4. Participation in and National Implementation of CHW-Based MEAs
4.1. Participation in MEAs
4.1.1. CHWs in National Laws
4.1.2. Implementation of ESM in Domestic Laws
4.2. Challenges Contributing for Poor Enforcement of Global Obligations and Domestic Laws
4.2.1. Policy Bias
4.2.2. Lack of Awareness and Access to Justice
4.2.3. Lack of Technological, Human, and Resource Capacity
4.2.4. Legal Drafting Challenges
5. Conclusions and the Way Forward
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
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No. | Requirement | Country | Compliance with Comparison MEAs | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
China | Ethiopia | India | |||
1. | Importing CHWs in the new law | Banned lately | Allowed lately | unidentified | Chinese law complies |
2. | Duration: notify previously imported or produced tons for export or import | One year | Not specified | 180 days for existing and 90 days for new | India’s laws treat CHWs quickly |
3. | Duration: registration per ton for export/import | Not provided in environmental law (refers to other laws | immediate | For 37 listed items of 1 tone 18 months | compliance variation |
4. | Maximum storage duration | One year and less | One month for temporary storage and unknown for a permanent one | Reduced from one year to 90–180 days | Chinese law takes more time, which may be harmful |
5. | Number of priority identification | Not provided | Not specified | 750 items | Indian laws are more explicit than others |
6. | CHWs generation Control system | Centrally developed Ledger-based register | Local government based | Administered by board | Chinese law enables uniform governance |
7. | CHWs transfer control Means | Technology supported Electronic/paper-based | Paper and manual | Paper/electronic | Ethiopia’s rules need updating |
8. | Liability insurance of actors | Insured | Insured for transportation and storage | Not insured | Chinese law gives protection to all |
9. | Legal Liability/penalties | Compensation, incremental police force measures | Criminal and administrative, no compensation | financial | Ethiopian laws lack redressing victims |
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Jalleta, A.K.; Tianbao, Q. Effectiveness of Chemical- and Hazardous-Waste-Based MEAs in Sustaining Life and Land: Analysis of Implementing Legislations and Practice in Ethiopia. Sustainability 2022, 14, 2157. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14042157
Jalleta AK, Tianbao Q. Effectiveness of Chemical- and Hazardous-Waste-Based MEAs in Sustaining Life and Land: Analysis of Implementing Legislations and Practice in Ethiopia. Sustainability. 2022; 14(4):2157. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14042157
Chicago/Turabian StyleJalleta, Abebe Kebede, and Qin Tianbao. 2022. "Effectiveness of Chemical- and Hazardous-Waste-Based MEAs in Sustaining Life and Land: Analysis of Implementing Legislations and Practice in Ethiopia" Sustainability 14, no. 4: 2157. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14042157