Low-Carbon Literacy of Exhibitors in the Exhibition Industry in China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
3. Methodology
4. Results
5. Discussions
6. Conclusions
6.1. Research Contributions
6.2. Limitations and Directions for Future Research
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- UFI Info May 2021. Available online: https://www.ufi.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/UFI_Info_May_2021.pdf (accessed on 30 July 2021).
- Cheshmehzangi, A.; Xie, L.; Tan-Mullins, M. The role of international actors in low-carbon transitions of Shenzhen’s International Low Carbon City in China. Cities 2018, 74, 64–747. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Regulation for Energy Saving and Consumption Reducing in Convention and Exhibition Industry. Available online: http://www.jpceia.com/Web/CommContentPage.aspx?nid=1742&cateid=151 (accessed on 10 July 2021).
- Booth Environmental Evaluation Criteria. Available online: https://www.doc88.com/p-0798453800360.html?r=1 (accessed on 1 July 2021).
- Wang, X.F.; Dai, R.J. Analysis of the Influence of Exhibition Industry on Ecological Environment and Countermeasures. In Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, Proceedings of The First International Symposium on Management and Social Sciences International Symposium on Management and Social Sciences (ISMSS 2019), Wuhan, China, 13–14 April 2019; Atlantis Press: Paris, France, 2019; pp. 154–157. [Google Scholar]
- Dai, R.J.; Wang, X.F. Research on the Present Situation and Countermeasures of Green Exhibition Development. In Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, Proceedings of The First International Symposium on Management and Social Sciences International Symposium on Management and Social Sciences (ISMSS 2019), Wuhan, China, 13–14 April 2019; Atlantis Press: Paris, France, 2019; pp. 162–165. [Google Scholar]
- Mensah, I. Environmental management practices among hotels in the greater Accra region. Int. J. Hosp. Manag. 2006, 25, 414–431. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Huang, Y.Q.; Gao, L.J. Influence mechanism of commuter’s low-carbon literacy on the intention of mode choice: A case study in Shanghai, China. Int. J. Sustain. Transp. 2021, 1–13. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hu, M.L.; Horng, J.S.; Teng, C.C.; Yen, C.D. Assessing students’ low carbon literacy by Ridit IPA approach. J. Hosp. Leis. Sport Tour. Educ. 2013, 13, 202–212. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dewaters, J.E.; Powers, S.E. Energy literacy of secondary students in New York State (USA): A measure of knowledge, affect, and behavior. Energy Policy 2011, 39, 1699–1710. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Teng, C.C.; Horng, J.S.; Hu, M.L.; Chen, P.C. Exploring the Energy and Carbon Literacy Structure for Hospitality and Tourism Practitioners: Evidence from Hotel Employees in Taiwan. Asia Pac J. Tour. Res. 2014, 19, 451–468. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hares, M.; Eskonheimo, A.; Myllyntaus, T.; Luukkanen, O. Environmental literacy in interpreting endangered sustainability case studies from Thailand and the Sudan. Geoforum 2006, 37, 128–144. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Horng, J.S.; Hu, M.L.; Teng, C.C.; Hsiao, H.L.; Liu, C.H. Development and validation of the low carbon literacy scale among practitioners in the Taiwanese tourism industry. Tour. Manag. 2013, 35, 255–262. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Higham, J.E.S.; Cohen, S.A. Canary in the coalmine: Norwegian attitudes towards climate change and extreme long-haul air travel to Aotearoa/New Zealand. Tour. Manag. 2011, 32, 98–105. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Li, C.J.; Zheng, Y.; Cao, X.F.; Duan, F. Low-carbon Literacy among Tourism Practitioners: Scale Development and Dimensional Measurement. Resour. Dev. Mark. 2014, 30, 866–869. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
- Lai, Y.; Mao, D.Q. Study of Low-carbon literacy of college students: Take Jiangxi Normal University as an example. Tour. Res. 2017, 9, 79–90. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
- Xiao, Y.Y.; Zhu, G.W.; Gong, J. A Study of the Low-carbon Quality of High School Students —A Case Study of No.1o High School in Suzhou, Jiangsu. Jiangsu Soc. Sci. 2012, 33, 91–94. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
- Pe’er, S.; Goldman, D.; Yavetz, B. Environmental literacy in teacher training, attitudes, knowl- edge, and environmental behavior of beginning students. J. Environ. Educ. 2007, 39, 45–59. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Morrone, M.; Mancl, K.; Carr, K. Development of a Metric to test group differences in ecological knowl- edge as one component of environmental literacy. J. Environ. Educ. 2001, 32, 33–42. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Muñoz-Céspedes, E.; Ibar-Alonso, R.; de Lorenzo Ros, S. Financial Literacy and Sustainable Consumer Behavior. Sustainability 2021, 13, 9145. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dewaters, J.E.; Powers, S.E. Establishing measurement criteria for an energy literacy questionnaire. J. Environ. Educ. 2013, 44, 38–55. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Barr, J.G.; Engel, V.; Smith, T.J.; Fuentes, J.D. Hurricane disturbance and recovery of energy balance, CO2 fluxes and canopy structure in a mangrove forest of the Florida Everglades. Agric. For. Meteorol. 2012, 153, 54–66. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Chang, K.T.; Huang, C.C.; Tsaur, S.H. Tourist geographic literacy and its consequences. Tour. Manag. Perspect. 2019, 29, 131–140. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lee, L.S.; Lee, Y.F.; Altschuld, J.W.; Pan, Y.J. Energy literacy: Evaluating knowledge, affect, and behavior of students in Taiwan. Energy Policy 2015, 76, 98–106. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, D.; Du, H.; Southworth, F.; Ma, S. The influence of social-psychological factors on the intention to choose low-carbon travel modes in Tianjin, China. Transp. Res. A Policy Pract. 2017, 105, 42–53. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jia, N.; Li, L.; Ling, S.; Ma, S.; Yao, W. Influence of attitudinal and low-carbon factors on behavioral intention of commuting mode choice- A cross-city study in China. Transp. Res. A Policy Pract. 2018, 111, 108–118. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chen, W.; Li, J. Who are the low-carbon activists? Analysis of the influence mechanism and group characteristics of low-carbon behavior in Tianjin, China. Sci. Total Environ. 2019, 683, 729–736. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Millock, K.; Nauges, C. Household Adoption of Water-Efficient Equipment: The Role of Socio-Economic Factors, Environmental Attitudes and Policy. Environ. Resour. Econ. 2010, 46, 539–565. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Sreen, N.; Purbey, S.; Sadarangani, P. Impact of culture, behavior and gender on green purchase intention. J. Retail. Consum. Serv. 2018, 41, 177–189. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hsu, S.J.; Roth, R.E. An assessment of environmental knowledge and attitudes held by com- munity leaders in the Hualien area of Taiwan. J. Environ. Educ. 1996, 28, 24–31. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Arnold, H.E.; Cohen, F.G.; Warner, A. Youth and environmental action: Perspectives of young environmental leaders on their formative influence. J. Environ. Educ. 2009, 40, 27–36. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Eames, C.; Cowie, B.; Bolstad, R. An evaluation of characteristics of environmental education practice in New Zealand schools. Environ. Educ. Res. 2008, 14, 35–51. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tsaur, S.H.; Dai, Y.Y. How to Do a Low-Carbon Travel? Developing and Validating Low-Carbon Travel Scale. J. Outdoor Recreat. Tour. Stud. 2016, 29, 27–53. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
- Ding, Z.; Jiang, X.; Liu, Z. Factors affecting low carbon consuming behavior of urban residents: A comprehensive review. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 2018, 132, 3–15. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kuo, N.W.; Dai, Y.Y. Applying the theory of planned behavior to predict low-carbon tourism behavior: A modified model from Taiwan. Int. J. Technol. Hum. Interact. 2012, 8, 45–62. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Churchill, G.A. A paradigm for developing better measures of marketing constructs. J. Mark. Res. 1979, 16, 64–73. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hair, J.F.; Black, W.C.; Babin, B.J.; Anderson, R.E. Multivariate Data Analysis, 7th ed.; Pearson: London, UK, 2009. [Google Scholar]
- Sivek, D.J.; Hungerford, H.R. Predictors of responsible behavior in members of three Wisconsin conservation organizations. J. Environ. Educ. 1990, 21, 35–40. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jiang, X.; Ding, Z.; Li, X.; Sun, J.; Jiang, Y.; Liu, R.; Wang, D.; Wang, Y.; Sun, W. How cultural values and anticipated guilt matter in Chinese residents’ intention of low carbon consuming behavior. J. Clean. Prod. 2020, 246, 119069. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, J.S.; Tsaur, S.H. We are in the same boat: Tourist citizenship behaviors. Tour. Manag. 2014, 42, 88–100. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kuo, N.W.; Chen, P.H. Qualifying energy use, carbon dioxide emission, and other environmental loads from island based on a life cycle assessment approach. J. Clean. Prod. 2009, 17, 1324–1330. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Exhibitions | Date | Sample Size |
---|---|---|
Guangzhou International Travel Fair (GITF 2019) | 21 February 2019 | 74 |
2019 Exhibition Service and Green Material Fair (Guangzhou) | 3 March 2019 | 73 |
2019 International Sign and LED Exhibition, Guangzhou | 3 March 2019 | 68 |
Dental South China International Expo 2019 | 3 March 2019 | 93 |
Shenzhen Creative Week and 35th Shenzhen International Furniture Exhibition | 20 March 2019 | 47 |
2021 Zhongshan Featured Products Expo and the Internet Celebrity Brand Fair | 21 March 2021 | 44 |
2021 Animation Show Zhongshan | 2 May 2021 | 24 |
Invalid questionnaires | 11 | |
Valid questionnaires | 412 |
Dimension | Item | Factor Loading | Interpretation Variance % | Cronbach Alpha | Mean | Standard Deviation | Dimension Mean |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Altruistic behaviour | I encourage others to reduce their carbon footprint while participating in exhibitions. | 0.81 | 13.02 | 0.82 | 4.04 | 0.753 | 3.97 |
I provide guidance for others to engage in low-carbon exhibitions. | 0.78 | 4.03 | 0.751 | ||||
I remind or discourage others when I see non-low-carbon behaviours during exhibition events. | 0.65 | 3.73 | 0.796 | ||||
I am willing to voluntarily participate in events related to low-carbon exhibitions. | 0.62 | 4.04 | 0.772 | ||||
I am obligated to and responsible for participating in low-carbon exhibitions. | 0.53 | 4.03 | 0.747 | ||||
Locus of control | I believe that the effectiveness of low-carbon exhibitions can be achieved by enhancing management and audit systems. | 0.87 | 24.76 | 0.85 | 4.03 | 0.801 | 4.24 |
I think that exhibition facilities should include low-carbon systems. | 0.86 | 4.08 | 0.779 | ||||
I believe that the government should formulate policies or regulations to encourage low-carbon exhibitions. | 0.58 | 4.43 | 0.706 | ||||
I believe that low-carbon events require joint effort from all exhibitors while they participate in exhibitions. | 0.57 | 4.36 | 0.750 | ||||
I support low-carbon events carried out by the government or other parties. | 0.54 | 4.40 | 0.653 | ||||
I believe that the voluntary promotion of low-carbon events by exhibition companies will help improve the environment. | 0.51 | 4.11 | 0.763 | ||||
Low-carbon knowledge | I have knowledge regarding green technology for exhibitions. | 0.87 | 35.40 | 0.83 | 3.33 | 0.920 | 3.52 |
I have knowledge regarding green booth design and construction for exhibitions. | 0.80 | 3.33 | 0.865 | ||||
I have knowledge regarding green consumption in exhibitions. | 0.74 | 3.68 | 0.922 | ||||
I have knowledge regarding green materials for exhibitions. | 0.70 | 3.44 | 0.922 | ||||
I have knowledge regarding green and clean exhibitions, such as reuse and recycling. | 0.63 | 3.82 | 0.883 | ||||
Low-carbon consumption | I bring my own tableware (such as cups, chopsticks, and tissue paper) to exhibition events. | 0.82 | 45.88 | 0.87 | 3.33 | 1.094 | 3.54 |
I use electronics during exhibition events (e.g., payments, access to promotional materials). | 0.81 | 3.81 | 0.915 | ||||
I reduce my consumption of bottled beverages during exhibition events. | 0.79 | 3.31 | 1.074 | ||||
I purchase green products during exhibition events. | 0.78 | 3.72 | 0.921 | ||||
Values | It is acceptable to pay extra costs for low-carbon items/services while participating in exhibitions. | 0.88 | 55.53 | 0.85 | 3.75 | 0.857 | 3.78 |
I understand the interdependence between human beings and the ecosystem. | 0.87 | 3.70 | 0.858 | ||||
I will adjust my participation habits if doing so contributes to a low-carbon exhibition. | 0.65 | 4,00 | 0.748 | ||||
I understand the balance between livelihood and the need to conserve the natural environment. | 0.61 | 3.90 | 0.783 | ||||
Action strategy | I use mostly public transportation to attend exhibitions. | 0.78 | 63.33 | 0.80 | 4.16 | 0.848 | 4.13 |
I participate in training sessions to learn how to implement low-carbon exhibitions. | 0.76 | 3.93 | 0.957 | ||||
I consciously dispose of trash properly during exhibition events. | 0.53 | 4.30 | 0.810 | ||||
Low carbon sensitivity | I can easily determine whether an exhibition event is low-carbon. | 0.85 | 69.82 | 0.80 | 3.63 | 0.771 | 3.50 |
I know the energy consumption and carbon emission levels associated with my work. | 0.83 | 3.37 | 0.904 | ||||
Kaiser–Meyer–Olkin measure of sampling adequacy | 0.864 | ||||||
Bartlett’s test of sphericity (significance level) | 0.000 |
Jobs | Sample Size | It Is Acceptable to Pay Extra Costs for Low-Carbon Items/Services While Participating in Exhibitions | I Will Adjust My Participation Habits if Doing so Contributes to a Low-Carbon Exhibition | I Can Easily Determine Whether an Exhibition Event Is Low-Carbon | I Believe That the Government Should Formulate Policies or Regulations to Encourage Low-Carbon Exhibitions |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sales | 198 | 3.87 | 4.05 | 3.76 | 4.48 |
IT | 36 | 3.75 | 4.00 | 3.75 | 4.47 |
Design | 42 | 3.38 | 3.69 | 3.33 | 4.4 |
Planning | 54 | 3.69 | 4.04 | 3.46 | 4.61 |
Administration | 70 | 3.71 | 4.07 | 3.54 | 4.21 |
Other | 12 | 3.87 | 3.50 | 3.33 | 4.08 |
F-value | 2.661 | 2.907 | 3.654 | 2.891 | |
p-value | 0.022 * | 0.014 * | 0.003 ** | 0.014 * | |
Scheffe’s test | 1, 5 > 3 | 1, 4, 5 > 3 | 1, 2 > 3 | 1, 4 > 5 |
Job Title | Sample Size | I Encourage Others to Reduce Their Carbon Footprint While Participating in Exhibitions | I Remind or Discourage Others When I See Non-Low-Carbon Behaviours During Exhibition Events | I Am Willing to Voluntarily Participate in Events Related to Low-Carbon Exhibitions | I Believe That the Voluntary Promotion of Low-Carbon Events by Exhibition Companies Will Help Improve the Environment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Staff | 245 | 4.08 | 3.72 | 3.98 | 4.02 |
First-line managers | 72 | 4.14 | 4.03 | 4.31 | 4.44 |
Mid-level managers | 74 | 3.92 | 3.54 | 4.08 | 4.03 |
High degree managers | 21 | 4.08 | 3.57 | 3.76 | 4.19 |
F-value | 2.637 | 5.200 | 4.418 | 6.233 | |
p-value | 0.049 * | 0.002 ** | 0.005 ** | 0.000 *** | |
Scheffe’s test | 1, 2 > 4 | 2 > 1, 3, 4 | 2 > 1, 4 | 2 > 1, 3 |
Exhibition Experience | Sample Size | I Think That Exhibition Facilities Should Include Low-Carbon Systems |
---|---|---|
Half a year< | 90 | 4.22 |
Half a year to one year | 136 | 4.10 |
One to two years | 66 | 4.12 |
Two to three years | 44 | 3.77 |
>Three years | 76 | 4.00 |
F-value | 2.783 | |
p-value | 0.026 * | |
Scheffe’s test | 1, 2, 3 > 4 |
Booth Area | Sample Size | I Provide Guidance for Others to Engage in Low-Carbon Exhibitions | I Am Obligated to and Responsible for Participating in Low-Carbon Exhibitions | I Consciously Dispose of Trash Properly during Exhibition Events | I Participate in Training Sessions to Learn How to Implement Low-Carbon Exhibitions | I Believe That the Government Should Formulate Policies or Regulations to Encourage Low-Carbon Exhibitions | I Use Mostly Public Transportation to Attend Exhibitions |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
9 m2< | 96 | 4.15 | 4.31 | 4.42 | 4.23 | 4.50 | 4.35 |
10 to 36 m2 | 208 | 4.06 | 4.00 | 4.42 | 3.86 | 4.48 | 4.18 |
>37 m2 | 108 | 3.87 | 3.85 | 3.94 | 3.81 | 4.28 | 3.94 |
F-value | 3.776 | 10.559 | 14.705 | 6.259 | 3.558 | 6.238 | |
p-value | 0.024 * | 0.000 *** | 0.000 *** | 0.002 ** | 0.029 * | 0.002 ** | |
Scheffe’s test | 1, 2 > 3 | 1 > 2, 3 | 1, 2 > 3 | 1 > 2, 3 | 1, 2 > 3 | 1, 2 > 3 |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Liu, C.-W.; Cheng, J.-S. Low-Carbon Literacy of Exhibitors in the Exhibition Industry in China. Sustainability 2022, 14, 2262. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14042262
Liu C-W, Cheng J-S. Low-Carbon Literacy of Exhibitors in the Exhibition Industry in China. Sustainability. 2022; 14(4):2262. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14042262
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiu, Chia-Wei, and Jen-Son Cheng. 2022. "Low-Carbon Literacy of Exhibitors in the Exhibition Industry in China" Sustainability 14, no. 4: 2262. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14042262