The Bridge at the End of the World: Linking Expat’s Pandemic Fatigue, Travel FOMO, Destination Crisis Marketing, and Vaxication for “Greatest of All Trips”
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Theoretical Background and Hypotheses Development
2.1. International Expat’s Pandemic Fatigue
2.2. Vaxication Intention for “Greatest of All Trips”
2.3. Travel Fear of Missing Out (FOMO)
2.4. Destination Crisis Marketing
2.5. International Expat’s Pandemic Fatigue and Vaxication Intention for GOAT
2.6. Moderating Influence of Travel FOMO
2.7. Moderating Effects of Destination Crisis Marketing
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Sampling and Procedure
3.2. Measures
3.3. Data Analysis
4. Results
4.1. Demographic Outcomes
4.2. Data Normality
4.3. Measurement Model
4.4. Structural Model
5. Discussion
5.1. Theoretical Implications
5.2. Managerial Implications
5.3. Limitations and Future Work
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Items | Frequency | Percentage | |
---|---|---|---|
Gender | Male | 178 | 50.0% |
Female | 165 | 46.3% | |
Prefer not to say | 13 | 3.7% | |
Age | 18–24 years | 57 | 16.0% |
25–30 years | 93 | 26.1% | |
31–35 years | 112 | 31.5% | |
36–40 years | 59 | 16.6% | |
41–45 years | 27 | 7.6% | |
46 years and above | 8 | 2.2% | |
Annual Income (equivalent in USD) | USD 25,000 or less | 59 | 16.6% |
USD 25,001–USD 50,000 | 85 | 23.9% | |
USD 50,001–USD 75,000 | 105 | 29.5% | |
USD 75,001–USD 100,000 | 65 | 18.3% | |
USD 100,001–USD 150,000 | 32 | 8.9% | |
USD 150,001 and above | 10 | 2.8% | |
Frequency of vacation travel before COVID-19 | Once or twice per year | 188 | 52.8% |
Three to five times per year | 94 | 26.4% | |
Six to eight times a year | 59 | 16.6% | |
More than nine times a year | 15 | 4.2% |
Variables | N | Min | Mean | Max | SD | Skewness | Kurtosis | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Stats | Stats | Stats | Stats | Stats | Stats | Std. Error | Stats | Std. Error | |
VGOAT | 356 | 1.00 | 4.0253 | 5.00 | 0.61773 | −0.690 | 0.129 | 1.464 | 0.258 |
TFOMO | 356 | 1.00 | 3.3904 | 5.00 | 0.78974 | 0.648 | 0.129 | 0.486 | 0.258 |
EPF | 356 | 1.00 | 3.7360 | 5.00 | 0.64118 | −0.736 | 0.129 | 1.742 | 0.258 |
DCM | 356 | 1.00 | 3.5983 | 5.00 | 0.75442 | −0.412 | 0.129 | 0.288 | 0.258 |
Component | Initial Eigenvalues | Extraction Sums of Squared Loadings | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | % of Variance | Cumulative % | Total | % of Variance | Cumulative % | |
1 | 10.817 | 32.779 | 32.779 | 10.817 | 32.779 | 32.779 |
2 | 5.399 | 16.359 | 49.139 | |||
3 | 3.041 | 9.217 | 58.355 | |||
4 | 2.551 | 7.729 | 66.085 | |||
5 | 0.941 | 2.852 | 68.936 | |||
6 | 0.923 | 2.796 | 71.732 | |||
7 | 0.821 | 2.489 | 74.221 | |||
8 | 0.791 | 2.398 | 76.618 | |||
9 | 0.767 | 2.323 | 78.941 | |||
10 | 0.650 | 1.969 | 80.910 | |||
11 | 0.615 | 1.864 | 82.774 | |||
12 | 0.607 | 1.839 | 84.614 | |||
13 | 0.485 | 1.471 | 86.084 | |||
14 | 0.469 | 1.420 | 87.504 | |||
15 | 0.420 | 1.272 | 88.777 | |||
16 | 0.399 | 1.209 | 89.985 | |||
17 | 0.381 | 1.154 | 91.139 | |||
18 | 0.369 | 1.119 | 92.258 | |||
19 | 0.329 | 0.998 | 93.256 | |||
20 | 0.272 | 0.826 | 94.081 | |||
21 | 0.267 | 0.809 | 94.890 | |||
22 | 0.258 | 0.782 | 95.672 | |||
23 | 0.224 | 0.680 | 96.352 | |||
24 | 0.204 | 0.619 | 96.971 | |||
25 | 0.172 | 0.521 | 97.492 | |||
26 | 0.150 | 0.456 | 97.948 | |||
27 | 0.131 | 0.396 | 98.344 | |||
28 | 0.125 | 0.380 | 98.724 | |||
29 | 0.106 | 0.322 | 99.046 | |||
30 | 0.092 | 0.279 | 99.325 | |||
31 | 0.084 | 0.255 | 99.580 | |||
32 | 0.079 | 0.240 | 99.820 | |||
33 | 0.059 | 0.180 | 100.000 |
Constructs and Items | Label | ρ | λ |
---|---|---|---|
Expat’s Pandemic Fatigue (EPF) (CR = 0.899; AVE = 0.594; Cronbach’s Alpha = 0.897) | |||
I worry a lot about my personal and family’s safety during this pandemic. | EPF1 | 0.714 | 0.727 |
I have felt sad and depressed as a result of the pandemic. | EPF2 | 0.802 | 0.858 |
I am tired of all the COVID-19 discussions in TV shows, newspapers, and radio programs, etc. | EPF3 | 0.731 | 0.727 |
I am sick of hearing about COVID-19. | EPF4 | 0.855 | 0.789 |
When friends or family members talk about COVID-19, I try to change the subject because I do not want to talk about it anymore. | EPF5 | 0.530 | 0.653 |
I feel strained from following all of the behavioral regulations and recommendations around COVID-19. | EPF6 | 0.741 | 0.707 |
I am tired of restraining myself from saving those who are most vulnerable to COVID-19. | EPF7 | 0.695 | 0.637 |
I am losing my spirit to fight against COVID-19. | EPF8 | 0.511 | 0.476 |
I have thoughts that this pandemic will never end soon. | EPF9 | 0.774 | 0.685 |
Traveler’s Fear of Missing Out (FOMO) (CR = 0.937; AVE = 0.601; Cronbach’s Alpha = 0.931) | |||
I fear others have more rewarding travel experiences than me. | TFOMO1 | 0.836 | 0.810 |
I fear my friends have more rewarding travel experiences than me. | TFOMO 2 | 0.774 | 0.733 |
I get worried when I find out my friends are having fun traveling without me. | TFOMO 3 | 0.866 | 0.857 |
I get anxious when I do not know about my friends’ travel plans and/or travel activities. | TFOMO 4 | 0.636 | 0.632 |
It is important that I know where my friends are traveling. | TFOMO 5 | 0.910 | 0.924 |
Sometimes, I wonder if I spend too much time keeping up with my friends’ travel plans and/or travel activities. | TFOMO 6 | 0.661 | 0.675 |
It bothers me when I miss an opportunity to travel with friends. | TFOMO 7 | 0.848 | 0.865 |
Whenever I have a good travel experience, it is important for me to share details online (e.g., updating status on social media). | TFOMO 8 | 0.881 | 0.869 |
Whenever I miss out on planned travel, it bothers me. | TFOMO 9 | 0.609 | 0.610 |
Whenever I cannot travel, I continue to keep track of my friends, whether they are traveling or staying at home. | TFOMO 10 | 0.751 | 0.706 |
Destination Crisis Marketing (DCM) (CR = 0.926; AVE = 0.644; Cronbach’s Alpha = 0.920) | |||
At times of crisis (e.g., COVID-19 pandemic) …. | |||
I prefer to choose a tourism destination that conveys authenticity. | DCM1 | 0.619 | 0.760 |
I prefer to choose a tourism destination that ensures honesty and transparency. | DCM2 | 0.768 | 0.844 |
I prefer to choose a tourism destination that communicates with empathy. | DCM3 | 0.707 | 0.838 |
I prefer to choose a tourism destination that reflects optimism (e.g., staying positive and hopeful). | DCM4 | 0.792 | 0.885 |
I prefer to choose a tourism destination that offers supportiveness. | DCM5 | 0.867 | 0.803 |
I prefer to choose a tourism destination that displays humility. | DCM6 | 0.932 | 0.784 |
I prefer to choose a tourism destination that displays a spirit of creativity. | DCM7 | 0.864 | 0.689 |
Vaxication Intention for GOAT (CR = 0.932; AVE = 0.665; Cronbach’s Alpha = 0.928) | |||
As I am fully vaccinated for COVID-19, I plan to go on a special trip… | |||
To prioritize my enjoyment and experiences. | VGOAT1 | 0.778 | 0.793 |
To immerse myself in new experiences that are completely different from the past. | VGOAT2 | 0.653 | 0.721 |
To fully embrace the freedom to do whatever I want. | VGOAT3 | 0.903 | 0.919 |
To somewhere new with a flexible schedule. | VGOAT4 | 0.881 | 0.823 |
To treat myself even if it is over my budget. | VGOAT5 | 0.928 | 0.941 |
To seek out excitement with no regrets. | VGOAT6 | 0.817 | 0.766 |
To experience the “greatest of all trips” that I completely deserve. | VGOAT7 | 0.792 | 0.717 |
Measurement model fit statistics: | |||
a. Absolute fit indices | |||
χ2 = 1008.437, df = 483, p < 0.001, χ2/df = 2.088, SRMR = 0.035, RMSEA = 0.055 | |||
b. Incremental fit indices | |||
TLI = 0.943, and CFI = 0.948 |
TFO | EPF | VGOAT | DCM | |
---|---|---|---|---|
TFOMO | 0.775 | |||
EPF | 0.193 | 0.703 | ||
VGOAT | 0.241 | 0.538 | 0.816 | |
DCM | 0.272 | 0.409 | 0.507 | 0.803 |
Hypotheses | Relationships | Path Coefficients | Standard Error (S.E) | t-Stats | p-Values | Outcomes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
H1 | EPF → VGOAT | 0.487 ** | 0.038 | 12.81 | <0.01 | Accepted |
H2 | EPF* TFOMO → VGOAT | 0.383 ** | 0.042 | 9.119 | <0.01 | Accepted |
H3 | EPF* DCM → VGOAT | 0.560 ** | 0.034 | 16.47 | <0.01 | Accepted |
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Zaman, U.; Barnes, S.J.; Abbasi, S.; Anjam, M.; Aktan, M.; Khwaja, M.G. The Bridge at the End of the World: Linking Expat’s Pandemic Fatigue, Travel FOMO, Destination Crisis Marketing, and Vaxication for “Greatest of All Trips”. Sustainability 2022, 14, 2312. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14042312
Zaman U, Barnes SJ, Abbasi S, Anjam M, Aktan M, Khwaja MG. The Bridge at the End of the World: Linking Expat’s Pandemic Fatigue, Travel FOMO, Destination Crisis Marketing, and Vaxication for “Greatest of All Trips”. Sustainability. 2022; 14(4):2312. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14042312
Chicago/Turabian StyleZaman, Umer, Stuart J. Barnes, Saba Abbasi, Mahwish Anjam, Murat Aktan, and Muddasar Ghani Khwaja. 2022. "The Bridge at the End of the World: Linking Expat’s Pandemic Fatigue, Travel FOMO, Destination Crisis Marketing, and Vaxication for “Greatest of All Trips”" Sustainability 14, no. 4: 2312. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14042312