Selection of National Park Candidate Areas Based on Spatial Overlap Characteristics of Protected Areas in China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data Sources
2.2. Research Methods
2.2.1. Overlap Analysis of Natural Protection Sites
2.2.2. Construction of Continuous Areas Based on Protected Areas
2.2.3. Selection of Candidate Areas for National Parks
- (1)
- Preliminary screening of Candidate areas for national parks
- (2)
- Rescreening based on key areas
3. Results
3.1. Protected Areas Overlap Relationship
3.2. Continuous Areas and Their Overlapping Features
- (1)
- Basic case of continuous area
- (2)
- Continuous region overlapping features
- (3)
- The spatial relationship between continuous areas and key areas
3.3. Recommended Candidate Areas for National Parks in China
4. Discussion
4.1. Significance of the Study of Selection Strategy of National Parks Candidate Areas
4.2. The Shortages of the Overlapping and Contiguous Areas Analysis Method
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Type | Number | Area (km2) |
---|---|---|
Geological park | 397 | 46,811.86 |
Scenic area | 812 | 107,277.16 |
Marine park | 60 | 13,768.61 |
Forest park | 1647 | 79,634.96 |
Desertification land closure reserve | 17 | 2415.93 |
Desert park | 80 | 2846.32 |
Wetland park | 1249 | 32,660.69 |
Aquatic germplasm reserves | 514 | 46,074.18 |
Water conservancy area | 626 | 6361.48 |
Nature reserves | 1512 | 1,383,398.12 |
Total | 6914 | 1,721,249.31 |
Type | Geological Park | Scenic Area | Marine Park | Forest Park | Desertification Land Closure Reserve | Desert Park | Wetland Park | Aquatic Germplasm Reserve | Water Conservancy Area | Nature Reserve |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Geological park | - | 210 | 6 | 217 | 0 | 2 | 51 | 35 | 47 | 258 |
Scenic area | 210 | - | 14 | 400 | 1 | 3 | 134 | 74 | 115 | 375 |
Marine park | 6 | 14 | - | 7 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 10 | 1 | 19 |
Forest park | 217 | 400 | 7 | - | 0 | 5 | 105 | 61 | 73 | 549 |
Desertification land closure reserve | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | - | 3 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 5 |
Desert park | 2 | 3 | 0 | 5 | 3 | - | 4 | 0 | 3 | 13 |
Wetland park | 51 | 134 | 5 | 105 | 0 | 4 | - | 141 | 149 | 173 |
Aquatic germplasm reserve | 35 | 74 | 10 | 61 | 1 | 0 | 141 | - | 59 | 222 |
Water conservancy area | 47 | 115 | 1 | 73 | 1 | 3 | 149 | 59 | - | 108 |
Nature reserve | 258 | 375 | 19 | 549 | 5 | 13 | 173 | 222 | 108 | - |
Suggested Area | National Number | Number of Protected Area Types | Protection Strength | Overlapping Intensity | Main Overlapping Areas and Names | Representative National Nature Protected Land |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Panda * | 43 | 7 | 46 | 0.15 | ST: Sichuan–Yunnan forest; SZ: Jiuzhaigou, Huanglong, giant panda habitat; SW: Minshan–Hengduan Mountain area | N (Jiuzhaigou, Tangjiahe, Wolong, etc.), S (Siguniang Mountain, Jiuzhaigou-Huanglong Temple, etc.), and G (Huanglong, etc.) |
Three river source region * | 23 | 8 | 12 | <0.01 | ST: Source of the Yangtze River, Yellow River Source, Algin; SZ: Hoh Xil; SD: Kunlun Mountain; SW: Qiang Tang Sanjiangyuan | N (Sanjiangyuan, Hoh Xil, Qiangtang, etc.), G (Qinghai Maqin, Animqing, etc.), W (Yushu Batang, etc.) A (Gequ River, etc.) |
Dabie Mountain | 31 | 7 | 20 | 0.73 | ST: Dabie Mountain, source of Huaihe River; SD: Dabie Mountain; SW: Dabie Mountain | N (Dabie Mountain, Liankang Mountain, Jinzhai Tianma, etc.), G (Dabie Mountain, etc.), F (Huangbai Mountain, etc.), W (Paradise Lake, etc.), A (Ten Thousand Buddha Lake, etc.), C (Foziling, etc.) |
Shennongjia-The Three Gorges * | 20 | 6 | 22 | 0.53 | ST: The Three Gorges Reservoir Area, the South-to-North Water Diversion Project; SZ: Shennongjia; SD: Shennongjia; SW: Daba Mountain | N (Shennongjia, Dajiu Lake) W (Badong Golden silk monkey, etc.), S (Yangtze Three Gorges, etc.), G (sinkhole seam, etc.), W (Dajiu Lake), F (Shennongjia, Yichang Longmen River, etc.) |
Three River Plain | 22 | 5 | 22 | 0.11 | ST: Sanjiang Plain Wetland; SW: Sanjiang Plain District | N (Sanjiang, Dali River, Pauli River, Northeast Black Bee, Treasure Island, etc.), F (Wandashan, etc.), and W (Raohe Uzuli River, etc.) |
South Taihang Mountain | 18 | 6 | 12 | 0.52 | SD: Wangwu Mountain-Dai Meishan, Yuntai Mountain; SW: Taihang Mountain area | N (Alexandria, Taihang Mountain macaque, Yangcheng Mang Macaque), S (Yuntai Mountain), G (Wangwu Mountain, Lingchuan Wangmang Mountain), F (Yuntai Mountain, etc.), W (Dan River, Zezhou) |
Wuling Mountain | 21 | 7 | 10 | 0.59 | ST: Wuling Mountain Mountain; SW: Wuling Mountain District | N (Gaowangjie, Borrowing Mother Creek), S (Mengdong River, Dehang), G (Hunan Ancient Zhang Red Stone Forest), F (Xiaozhai, Sitting Long Gorge, etc.), W (Wuqiang Creek, etc.) |
Qilian Mountain * | 14 | 7 | 8 | 0.23 | ST: The Black River Basin; SW: The Qilian Mountains | N (Gansu Qilian Mountain, Liancheng, Yanchi Bay), G (Zhangye, etc.), F (Beishan, Qinghai, etc.), W (Qilian Black Heyuan), C (Daynokou Reservoir) |
Mount Huang | 12 | 7 | 9 | 0.78 | ST: Water conservation in the upper reaches of the Xin’an River; SZ: Huangshan; SD: Huangshan; SW: Huangshan–Huaiyu District | N (Anhui Qingliang Peak, etc.), S (Huangshan, Longchuan, Huashan Mystery Cave-gradual River), G (Anhui Huangshan), F (Huizhou, Huangshan), W (Taiping Lake) |
Qinling Mountains | 13 | 4 | 18 | 0.02 | ST: Qinba biodiversity; SW: the middle section of the Qinling Mountains | N (Taibai Mountain, Foping, Huangbai Plateau, Old County, etc.), F (Shaanxi Heihe, Taibai Mountain) |
Paekdusan | 15 | 6 | 11 | 0.09 | ST: Changbai Mountain Forest; SW; West section of Changbai Mountain | N (Changbai Mountain, Ji’an, Songhua River Three Lakes, Tonghua Shihu), S (Songhua Lake), G (Jingyu Volcano, Fusong), F (Jilin Shihu, Wunu Peak, Quan Yangquan) |
The Funiu Mountians | 12 | 6 | 9 | 0.27 | ST: Water source area of the middle route of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project; SD: Funiu Mountain;SW: Qinling District | N (Funiu Mountain, Baotianman, Nanyang Dinosaur Egg Fossil Group, etc.), G (Funiu Mountain, Baotian Man, etc.), F (Baiyun Mountain, etc.), C (Shimen Lake, Xixia County) |
Zhangjiajie | 8 | 5 | 7 | 0.30 | ST: Wuling Mountain District; SZ: Wulingyuan; SD: Zhangjiajie; SW: Wuling Mountain District | N (Eight Dagong Mountain, Seven Sister Mountain, Zhangjiajie Giant Salamander), S (Wulingyuan), F (Zhangjiajie, Tianmen Mountain), and C (Zhangjiajie Loujiang) |
Three rivers and flows * | 8 | 7 | 9 | 0.29 | ST: Northwest Yunnan; SZ: parallel current of three rivers; SW: South section of Hengduan Mountain | N (Galigong Mountain), S (Yulong Snow Mountain, Three Rivers), G (Yunnan Yulong Snow Mountain Glacier, Lijiang Laojun Mountain), F (Yunnan Feilai Temple), W (Qinghuadian) |
Nanling Mountains | 9 | 7 | 6 | 0.72 | ST: Nanling; SZ: Danxia, China; SW: Nanling | N (Nanling, Mangshan), G (Guangdong Yangshan), F (Jiulong River), and W (Nanshui Lake) |
Wuzhishan * | 8 | 3 | 14 | 0.53 | ST: Central Hainan Island; SW: South-central Hainan Island | N (Wuzhishan, Hangluo Mountain, Yingge Ling), F (Hainan Qixian Ling, Hangluo Mountain) |
Xiao Hinggan Mountains | 10 | 7 | 13 | 0.43 | ST: Small Hinganling Forest; SW: lesser Khinganling District | N (Cuibei Wetland), S (Dazhu River), F (Dazhan River, etc.), and W (Hoji River) |
Liupan Mountains | 9 | 6 | 7 | 0.58 | ST: Loess Plateau; SW: Liupan Mountain Meridian Ridge | N (Liupan Mountain), S (Kongtong Mountain), G (Kongtong Mountain Danxia), F (Liupan Mountain, etc.) |
Da Hinggan Mountains | 8 | 3 | 8 | 0.04 | ST: Greater Hinggan Mountains Forest; SW: Greater Hinggan Mountains District | N (Chona River, Greater Khinggan Mountains Khan Horse, Huzhong), W (Huma River Source) |
Micang Mountain | 7 | 4 | 7 | 0.96 | ST: Qinba biodiversity; SD: Guangwu Mountain–Nuoshui River; SW: Daba Mountain | N (Micang Mountain), S (Guangwu Mountain-Nuoshui River, Micang Mountain), G (Guangwu Mountain-Nuoshui River), A (Jiaojiahe Chongcleavage fish) |
The downstream of the Chishui River | 9 | 4 | 10 | 0.95 | SZ: Danxia, China; SW: Wuling Mountain District | N (Chishui tree-fern), S (Simianshan), G (Chishui Danxia), F (Xishui) |
Mirror Park Lake–Great Tiger Mountain | 19 | 6 | 10 | 0.49 | ST: Changbai Mountain Forest; SD: Jingpo Lake; SW: Changbai Mountain District | N (Yanming Lake, Beihu Lake), S (Jingpo Lake), G (Jingpo Lake), F (Heilongjiang Craa, Xuexiang, etc.), W (source of Jingpo Lake), A (Wave River) |
Middle and lower reaches of Wujiang River | 12 | 7 | 9 | 0.42 | ST: Wuling Mountain District; SW: Wuling Mountain District | N (Mayang River), S (Wujiang Mountain Gorge), G (Youyang), F (Qianjiang) |
The Dongting Lake | 20 | 5 | 9 | 0.08 | ST: New; SW: Dongting Lake District | N (East and West Dongting Lake, etc.), S (Yueyang Tower–Dongting Lake), W (Miluo River, etc.) |
Jin Foshan | 12 | 6 | 10 | 0.99 | SZ: karst, South China; SW: Wuling Mountain District | N (Jinfo Mountain, Dasha River), S (Jinfo Mountain), G (Wansheng), F (Montenegro) |
Great Castle Peak | 7 | 4 | 5 | 0.15 | ST: Grassland at the northern foot of Yinshan Mountain; SW: West Ordos–Helan Mountain–Yinshan Mountain | N (Inner Mongolia Daqingshan), F (Wula Mountain, Chilechuan, Wu dangzhao, etc.), W (Kunduron River), C (Hasuhai) |
Xiaolongshan | 7 | 6 | 5 | 0.01 | ST: Qinba biodiversity; SW: Qinling Mountains | N (Xiaolong Mountain, Zibai Mountain), F (Zibai Mountain, Wulong Cave), W (Fengxian County Jialing River) |
Southwest Guizhou | 6 | 5 | 4 | 0.07 | ST: Stone desertification control of karst in Yunnan and Guizhou; SW: Limestone area of western Guizhou | N (Jinzhong Mountain Black-tailed Pheasant), S (Maling River Canyon), G (Xingyi) |
Xishuangbanna | 6 | 4 | 5 | 0.10 | ST: Sichuan–Yunnan forest; SW: Xishuangbanna District | N (Xishuangbanna, Nadal River Basin), S (Xishuangbanna), F (Xishuangbanna) |
Miaoling Mountains | 9 | 7 | 3 | 0.14 | ST: Prevention and control of rocky desertification in karst, Guizhou, Yunnan; SZ: karst, South China; SW: Nanling | N (Leigong Mountain), S (Wuyang River), G (Miaoling, Qiandongnan), F (Leigong Mountain, Taijiang, etc.), and W (Wengyou River) |
Mount Wuyi * | 5 | 4 | 5 | 0.002 | SZ: Wuyi Mountain; SW: Wuyi Mountain District | N (Fujian Wuyi Mountain, Jiangxi Wuyi Mountain), S (Wuyi Mountain), F (glossy Wuyi Mountain) |
Camel Beam | 9 | 6 | 5 | 0.76 | ST: new added; SW: Middle section of Taihang Mountain area | N (Camel Liang), S (Xibaipo-Tiangui Mountain), G (Fuping Tiansheng Bridge), F (Pingshan Camel Liang, Wuyue Village, Tiansheng Bridge), A (Zhongshan Lake, and Po Lake) |
Mount Taishan | 6 | 5 | 3 | 3.61 | ST: New; SZ: Mount Tai | S (Taishan, Qianfoshan), G (Taishan), F (Taishan, Pharmaceutical Township) |
Jinggangshan | 8 | 4 | 10 | 0.39 | ST: Nanling Mountain; SW: Nanling | N (Nanfeng Face, Qiyun Mountain), S (Jinggangshan), F (Shennong Valley, Qiyun Mountain) |
The Helan Mountains | 5 | 4 | 5 | 0.14 | ST: New added; SW: West Ordos-Helan Mountain–Yin Mountain | N (Inner Mongolia Helan Mountain, Ningxia Helan Mountain), S (Xixia Mausoleum), F (Sukou) |
Daba Mountain | 9 | 6 | 7 | 0.31 | ST: Qinba biodiversity; SW: Middle section of Daba Mountain | N (Daba ashan, Xueaoshan), F (Hongchi Dam), W (Qianstorey River, Zhenpingshu Heyuan) |
Cangshan Erhai Lake | 6 | 6 | 3 | 2.89 | ST: Sichuan and Yunnan; SD: Cangshan; SW: South section of Hengduan Mountain | N (Cangshan Lake and Erhai Lake), S (Dali Lake), G (Dali Lake and Cangshan Lake), and W (Eryuan West Lake Lake) |
West Beijing | 5 | 4 | 8 | 0.34 | SD: Fangshan; SW: Taihang Mountain District | N (Baihua Mountain, Little Wutai Mountain), S (Wild Sanpo), F (Wild Sanpo, Xiaolongmen) |
Northeast Tiger Leopard * | 6 | 3 | 7 | 0.004 | ST: Changbai Mountain Forest; SW: Changbai Mountain District | N (Hunchun Siberian Tiger, Sailing Northeast Tiger), S (Anti–Sichuan), A (Hunchun River) |
Lushan Mountain | 6 | 4 | 3 | 0.26 | SD: Lushan Mountain; SW: Poyang Lake District | N, S, G(Lushan), F (Lushan Mountain Shannan, Mazu Mountain, smallpox Well) |
Nam Son * | 5 | 4 | 3 | 0.11 | ST: Nanling Mountain; SW: Nanling | B (Jintong Mountain), S (Nanshan), F (Liangjiang Canyon), W (Chengbu Baiyun Lake) |
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Liu, X.; Wang, C.; Jiang, D.; Wang, Y.; Gao, J.; Jin, C.; Ma, W.; Yuan, J. Selection of National Park Candidate Areas Based on Spatial Overlap Characteristics of Protected Areas in China. Sustainability 2022, 14, 2578. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14052578
Liu X, Wang C, Jiang D, Wang Y, Gao J, Jin C, Ma W, Yuan J. Selection of National Park Candidate Areas Based on Spatial Overlap Characteristics of Protected Areas in China. Sustainability. 2022; 14(5):2578. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14052578
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiu, Xiaoman, Chao Wang, Dong Jiang, Yong Wang, Jixi Gao, Chuanping Jin, Wandong Ma, and Jingfang Yuan. 2022. "Selection of National Park Candidate Areas Based on Spatial Overlap Characteristics of Protected Areas in China" Sustainability 14, no. 5: 2578. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14052578