A Study on the Changing Architectural Properties of Mixed-Use Commercial Complexes in Seoul, Korea
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Purpose of This Study
1.2. Method and Scope of This Study
2. Theoretical Considerations
2.1. Changes in Commercial Space
2.2. Elements for Activating Mixed-Use Commercial Complexes
3. Case Selection and Analysis
3.1. Selection of Cases
3.2. Elements for Activation of the Selected Cases
- (1)
- COEX Mall (Initial stage/2000)
- (2)
- I-Park Mall (Initial stage/2004)
- (3)
- Time Square (Development stage/2009)
- (4)
- D-Cube City (Development stage/2011)
- (5)
- Mecenatpolis (Completion stage/2013)
- (6)
- Gwanggyo Alley Way (Completion stage/2019)
4. Case Study Analysis
4.1. Spatial Composition: Types and Placement of Facilities
4.2. Circulation Composition: Circulation and Connection Methods
4.3. Central Space: Form and Role
4.4. Sub-Conclusion
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Spatial Composition | A commercial complex is divided into various spaces, such as consumption, culture, and leisure (entertainment) that are closely related to each other. Intersecting usage behavior is a key characteristic of these complexes, which are paired with residential, business, lodging, and transportation facilities based on the characteristics of the area. Depending on customer attraction, it is divided into anchor facilities and general facilities. |
Circulation Plan | When planning the layout, vertical and horizontal circulation systems that consider perceptibility, directionality, and continuity are important because they enable users to effectively visit the target facilities. There are two types of vertical circulation—open-core and closed-core. Horizontal circulation is divided into centralized, where the central space is located at the center; dispersed, where the key tenant is dispersed; and circular, which is an important element for activation [12]. |
Central (Public) Space | It is generally located within the main circulation and has a significant impact on activation, depending on its size and type. If the central space is located indoors, it is planned mainly in the form of an open space. Measures to expand its attractiveness and publicness, such as planning it in a manner that enables it to serve as a space for events and cultural programs, should be considered. Additionally, it should be physically and visually linked to other facilities and circulations [13]. |
Initial Stage | ||
COEX Mall | I-Park Mall | |
Location/Year | Gangnam-gu, Seoul/2000 | Yongsan-gu, Seoul/2004 |
Size (GFA 1) | 4 underground and 4 above ground floors (119,008.80 m2) | 3 underground and 7 above ground floors (271,074 m2) |
Use | Convention, Consumption, Offices, Hotels | Consumption, Offices, Railway Station |
Development Stage | ||
Time Square | D-Cube City | |
Location/Year | Yeongdeungpo-gu, Seoul/2009 | Guro-gu, Seoul/2011 |
Size (GFA) | 2 underground and 6 above ground floors (126,777 m2) | 2 underground and 6 above ground floors (116,445 m2) |
Use | Consumption, Culture, Offices, Hotels | Consumption, Culture, Residences |
Completion Stage | ||
Mecenatpolis | Gwanggyo Alley Way | |
Location/Year | Mapo-gu, Seoul/2013 | Suwon, Gyeonggi Province/2019 |
Size (GFA) | 7 underground and 6 above ground floors (40,175.21 m2) | 2 underground and 3 above ground floors (4809 m2) |
Use | Consumption, Offices, Culture, Residences | Consumption, Culture, Residences |
Front View | Main Corridor | Central space (Library) |
Site Plan | ||
Anchor Tenants | (D) Department Store, (M) Multiplex, (A) Aquarium, (E) Exhibition Hall, Concert Hall, City Airport, Hotel, Large Bookstore, High-rise Office, (DF) Duty Free Shop | |
Spatial Plan | With the convention center in the center, anchor facilities are placed on both sides and are connected to commercial malls. | |
Circulation Plan | Composed of a main corridor and a number of complex labyrinthine rear corridors. It lacks interconnection, perceptibility, directionality, and continuity. | |
Central Space (Node) | It initially contained a small central space, which was renovated to two-story open library in 2015. |
Front View | Main Corridor | Central space (Concourse) |
Site Plan | ||
Anchor Tenants | (D) Department Store, (S) Shopping Mall, (E) Electronics Shopping Mall, Duty Free Shop, (M) Multiplex, (LS) Large Supermarket, (B) Bookstore, (O) Office, (T) Railroad Station | |
Spatial Plan | Facilities placed around an atrium (train waiting rooms). Commercial space on lower floors, duty-free shops and multiplex on higher floors. | |
Circulation Plan | Department store-style simple internal corridors to maximize the rental area, which is a typical example of an early commercial complex centered arounds commercial facilities. | |
Central Space (Node) | Central space that serves as the waiting room of the railway station and a large public space for indoor and outdoor use that is only used as a corridor. |
Front View | Main Corridor | Central space (Atrium) |
Site Plan | ||
Anchor Tenants | (M) Multiplex, (D) Department Store, (LS) Large Supermarket, (W) Wedding Hall, (H) Hotel, (B) Large Bookstore, (O) Office | |
Spatial Plan | Activates the entire facility by placing anchor facilities on both sides of the site and on the upper and lower parts of the facility. | |
Circulation Plan | Connects main corridor and rear corridors. Ensures perceptibility through visual interpenetration between each floor. | |
Central Space (Node) | Central space in the shape of a large atrium that penetrates the above ground floors. The central space serves as the center of events and connections. |
Front View | Main Corridor | Central Space (Auditorium) |
Site Plan | ||
Anchor Tenants | (R) High-rise residences, (M) Multiplex, (D) Department store, (LS) Large supermarket, (P) Musical performance hall, (H) Hotel, (B) Large bookstore, (O) Office | |
Spatial Plan | Activates the facility through vertical and horizontal movement across target routes by placing anchor facilities on both sides of the site and on the upper and lower parts of the facility. | |
Circulation Plan | Circular connection of internal main corridor and belly-type outdoor corridor with anchors on both sides of the site. | |
Central Space (Node) | Outdoor event space at the end of the entrance to the subway station. There is no large central space inside the facility. |
Front View | Main Corridor | Central space |
Site Plan | ||
Anchor Tenants | (R) Residences, (M) Multiplex, (S) Supermarkets, (O) Office | |
Spatial Plan | Activates the facility through vertical and horizontal movement by placing anchor facilities on both sides of the site and on the upper and lower parts of the facility. | |
Circulation Plan | Organic circulation plan in the form of valley-type street malls that connect anchor facilities using the land level. | |
Central Space (Node) | Two nature themes and open central space planning to enable street performances and cultural events at the central node of the site. |
Front View | Main Corridor | Central space |
Site Plan | ||
Anchor Tenants | (R) No large anchor facilities other than high-rise residences. | |
Spatial Plan | Small living and culture-related stores are placed in the form of an external street mall that overlooks Gwanggyo Lake. | |
Circulation Plan | Street-type outer corridors in the form of a terrace by the lake. Its three floors connected by a vertical circulation. | |
Central Space (Node) | A large front square by the lake is used as the central space of the facility for leisure, flea markets, events, etc. |
Elements | Initial Stage | Development Stage | Completion Stage | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
COEX Mall | I-Park Mall | Time Square | D-Cube City | Mecenatpolis | Gwanggyo Alley Way | |
Spatial Plan | ||||||
Large anchor facilities such as department stores, shopping malls, electronic shopping malls, duty-free shops, multiplexes, and aquariums. However, the space lacks connectivity due to department store-style vertical stacking (I-Park Mall) to maximize the rental area. | Local anchor facilities such as multiplexes, department stores, large supermarkets, wedding halls, hotels, large bookstores, and offices are located on both sides of the site and on the lower and higher parts of the complexes to activate the entire complex through movement across target routes (vertical, horizontal). | Alongside traditional anchor facilities such as multiplexes, large supermarkets, and offices, small living and culture-related stores are placed in the form of an external street mall. The complexes are devoid of high-rise residential buildings, life/culture-related commercial facilities (Mecenatpolis), and large anchor facilities (Gwanggyo Alley Way). | ||||
Circulation Plan | ||||||
Linking large underground spaces with a number of complex maze-like corridors (COEX Mall) or a circulation plan centered on a large waiting room for the station (I-Park Mall). These types of circulation plans result in a lack of interconnection, perceptibility, directionality, and continuity. | Keyhole section-type (Time Square) and belly-type (D-Cube City) main corridors ensure perceptibility through visual interpenetration between floors. Connectivity and continuity are ensured by connecting the main and rear corridors in a circular manner. | The belly-type street mall (Mecenatpolis) and lake-side terrace-type street mall (Gwanggyo Alley Way) connect each floor organically with various three-dimensional and circular corridors. | ||||
Central Space | ||||||
The central space is only used as a corridor (COEX Mall) at the node of the circulation or as a waiting room (I-Park Mall). | Centralization of events and circulation by installing a large outdoor central space (D-Cube City) at the center of the facility in the form of a large atrium (Time Square) that penetrates the above ground floor | The open small central space (Mecenatpolis) and front square by the lake are used for various events (Gwanggyo Alley Way). | ||||
Summary | It consists of large-scale anchor facilities, such as department stores and duty-free shops, along with large-scale infrastructure (convention center, high-speed railway). However, it lacks connectivity, perceptibility, directionality, and continuity. Additionally, it lacks publicness due to the formation of a passive central space that is used only as the center of the circulation (horizontal, vertical movement). | It is composed of local anchor facilities such as large supermarkets and multiplexes in conjunction with the subway station. It has a circulation plan that vitalizes the commercial environment, such as a keyhole section, belly type corridors, and circular-type corridors. The central space is a large atrium at the center of the facility. It serves to expand complex’s publicness by serving as the center of circulation and an event space. | It is composed of living area anchor facilities such as high-rise residential buildings, local supermarkets, mass merchandisers (electronic products, furniture), and culture-related stores. It has expanded into theme-type multi-seam public space with the possibility of hosting various types of events by reducing and dividing the central space and moving it to the outskirts. |
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Lee, S. A Study on the Changing Architectural Properties of Mixed-Use Commercial Complexes in Seoul, Korea. Sustainability 2022, 14, 2649. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14052649
Lee S. A Study on the Changing Architectural Properties of Mixed-Use Commercial Complexes in Seoul, Korea. Sustainability. 2022; 14(5):2649. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14052649
Chicago/Turabian StyleLee, Sungkyun. 2022. "A Study on the Changing Architectural Properties of Mixed-Use Commercial Complexes in Seoul, Korea" Sustainability 14, no. 5: 2649. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14052649