Impact of Smart Economy on Smart Areas and Mediation Effect of National Economy
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
3. Setting the Hypotheses
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Data
- Smart Economy: turnover of SMEs due to e-commerce, employment in knowledge-intensive areas, ICT staff as percentage of total employment, ICT input in GDP, individual online consumption in the domestic market and in the EU countries, import of ICT products, and fixed assets as a percentage of GDP [16,17,18,19,20];
- Smart Environment: air emissions, resource productivity, expenditures on environment protection, hazardous waste, hazardous pollutions of different types, emissions of heat plants and producing industries, various air pollutants, and share of electricity from renewable sources [38,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57];
- Smart Society (combines the indicators of Smart Governance and the traditional indicators of sustainable society): female employment in technological industries, inequality in education, social protection expenditures, female graduates from the universities, gender inequality index, youth participation, availability of e-public services, indicators of risk of poverty (Gini and Quintile indices), expenditures on health system, youth inequality indicators, and decreased access to the internet due to the cost factor [40,41,61];
- “Mediator” variable contains the general indicators of economy development, such as GDP, GDP growth (to year 2010), energy consumption per capita, rate of unemployment, rate of self-employment, and rate of inflation (consumer price index) [61].
4.2. Model
4.3. Software
4.4. Research Process
5. Results
5.1. Testing the Quality of the Constructs
5.2. Hypotheses Testing
6. Discussion
Research Problem
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Indicators Included in Construct | Loadings | Indicators Excluded from the Construct |
---|---|---|
Smart Economy | ||
turnover of SMEs due to e-commerce input of ICT industry in GDP employment in knowledge-intensive areas | 0.890 (0.000) 0.945 (0.000) 0.765 (0.000) | individual online consumption, import of ICT products, fixed assets as % of GDP, ICT staff as percentage of total employment |
Smart Mobility | ||
passenger transportation green gas emissions from transport share of renewable sources in fuel consumption transportation of goods | 0.799 (0.001) −0.654 (0.022) 0.922 (0.000) 0.962 (0.000) | deaths number on the roads, investments in road infrastructure, number of transport sharing companies |
Smart Living | ||
working hours consumption expenditures of households rate of urban population | −0.648 (0.018) 0.943 (0.000) 0.969 (0.000) | proportion of leisure and working hours, proportion of leisure and working hours, vulnerable employment, level of criminal activity |
Smart Environment | ||
resource productivity hazardous waste, share of electricity from renewable sources | 0.952 (0.000) −0.888 (0.000) 0.968 | emissions of heat plants and producing industries, hazardous pollutions, air emissions, expenditures on environment protection |
Smart Society | ||
female employment in technological industries inequality in education female graduates of the universities gender inequality index social protection expenditures | 0.914 (0.000) −0.757 (0.000) 0.802 (0.000) −0.816 (0.000) 0.929 (0.000) | gender inequality index, youth participation, availability of e-public services, indicators of risk of poverty (Gini and Quintile indices), expenditures on health system, youth inequality indicators, decreased access to the internet due to the cost factor |
Smart People | ||
adult learning people without higher education expenditures on education | 0.831 (0.000) −0.925 (0.000) 0.946 (0.000) | Human Development Index, schooling years, number of higher educational establishments, number of students, % of people using the Internet |
Mediator | ||
rate of unemployment concentration index energy consumption per capita | −0.689 (0.013) 0.925 (0.001) 0.727 (0.004) | GDP per capita, GDP growth (to year 2010), rate of self-employment, consumer price index, import if ICT products |
Variable | CR (>0.600) | ρA | AVE (>0.500) | R2 | R2 adj. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mediator | 0.449 | 0.770 | 0.620 | 0.820 | 0.800 |
Smart Economy | 0.903 | 0.844 | 0.757 | ||
Smart Living | 0.681 | 0.916 | 0.709 | 0.931 | 0.913 |
Smart People | 0.564 | 0.913 | 0.813 | 0.949 | 0.936 |
Smart Society | 0.448 | 0.917 | 0.717 | 0.923 | 0.904 |
Smart Environment | 0.750 | 0.941 | 0.880 | 0.906 | 0.883 |
Smart Mobility | 0.780 | 0.983 | 0.710 | 0.679 | 0.598 |
Variable | f2 | Q2 |
---|---|---|
Mediator | 0.460 | |
Smart Living | 0.142 | 0.599 |
Smart People | 0. 103 | 0.716 |
Smart Society | 0.555 | 0.609 |
Smart Environment | 0.078 | 0.745 |
Smart Mobility | 0.067 | 0.363 |
Path | Original Sample | Sample Mean | STDEV | T-Statistics | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
H1: Smart Economy → Smart People | 0.816 | 0.777 | 0.194 | 4.200 | 0.000 |
H2: Smart Economy → Smart Society | 0.497 | 0.500 | 0.269 | 1.848 | 0.033 |
H3: Smart Economy → Smart Environment | 0.766 | 0.756 | 0.260 | 2.943 | 0.002 |
H4: Smart Economy → Smart Mobility | 1.124 | 1.016 | 0.564 | 1.992 | 0.023 |
H5: Smart Economy → Smart Living | 0.754 | 0.725 | 0.278 | 2.714 | 0.004 |
Path | Path Coefficient (Direct Effect) | Specific Indirect Effect | T-Statistics (for Sp. Ind.Eff.) | p-Value (for Sp. Ind.Eff.) | Total Effect |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
SEc → Mediator → SP | 0.816 | 0.155 | 0.855 | 0.197 | 0.971 |
SEc → Mediator → SS | 0.497 | 0.442 | 1.775 | 0.033 | 0.938 |
SEc →Mediator → SL | 0.754 | 0.207 | 0.799 | 0.218 | 0.961 |
SEc → Mediator → SM | 1.124 | −0.314 | 0.596 | 0.276 | 0.811 |
SEc → Mediator → SE | 0.766 | 0.182 | 0.720 | 0.236 | 0.948 |
Variable | Original Sample | Sample Mean | Stand. Deviation | T-Statistics | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
SEc → Mediator → SP | 0.155 | 0.189 | 0.182 | 0.855 | 0.197 |
SEc → Mediator → SS | 0.442 | 0.440 | 0.249 | 1.775 | 0.038 |
SEc →Mediator → SL | 0.207 | 0.231 | 0.266 | 0.799 | 0.218 |
SEc → Mediator → SM | −0.314 | −0.192 | 0.527 | 0.596 | 0.276 |
SEc → Mediator → SE | 0.182 | 0.191 | 0.253 | 0.720 | 0.236 |
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Popova, Y.; Popovs, S. Impact of Smart Economy on Smart Areas and Mediation Effect of National Economy. Sustainability 2022, 14, 2789. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14052789
Popova Y, Popovs S. Impact of Smart Economy on Smart Areas and Mediation Effect of National Economy. Sustainability. 2022; 14(5):2789. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14052789
Chicago/Turabian StylePopova, Yelena, and Sergejs Popovs. 2022. "Impact of Smart Economy on Smart Areas and Mediation Effect of National Economy" Sustainability 14, no. 5: 2789. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14052789