Analysis of Current and Qualified Major Grain Producing Areas in China in the Last 30 Years
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data Collection
2.1.1. Basic Spatial Geographic Data
2.1.2. Statistical Data
2.2. Methods
2.2.1. Graph-Image Thinking
2.2.2. Kernel Density
2.2.3. Local Moran’s I
3. Results
3.1. Pattern of Basic Farming Conditions in China
3.2. Spatial-Temporal Pattern of China’s Reginal Grain Output
3.2.1. Analysis of the Whole Country
3.2.2. Analysis of Each Agricultural Division
3.3. Spatial-Temporal Pattern of Regional Grain Supply and Demand
3.3.1. Analysis of the Entire Country
3.3.2. Analysis of Each Agricultural Division
3.4. Identifying Qualified Candidates for Commercial Grain Bases in China
4. Discussion
4.1. Qualifying Conditions for China’s Main Grain Producing Areas and Commercial Grain Bases
4.2. Potential Trend and Crisis Regarding China’s Grain Production
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Agricultural Division | Main Farming Areas in 1985 | Main Farming Areas in 2019 | Changes | Overall Characteristics | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Names | Locations | Names | Locations | |||
Northeast China Plain | Southwestern Heilongjiang (Zone I) | Plain of Songhuajiang and Nenjiang river | Southwestern Heilongjiang (Zone I) | Plain of Songhuajiang and Nenjiang river | Range expanded and intensity enhanced | The grain output areas mainly developed to the regions in Jilin and Heilongjiang with gentle slope, once-cropping per year, adequate water resource for irrigation, and greatest soil fertility. |
Middle of Jilin (Zone II) | Plain of Songhuajiang and Nenjiang river | Middle of Jilin (Zone II) | Plain of Songhuajiang and Nenjiang river | Range expanded and intensity enhanced | ||
Middle of Liaoning (Zone III) | Liaohe Plain | Middle of Liaoning (Zone III) | Liaohe Plain | Range expanded and intensity enhanced | ||
Northeaster Heilongjiang (Zone IV) | Sanjiang Plain | New area | ||||
Northern arid and semiarid region | Eastern Inner Mongolia (Zone I1) | Hulunbeir Highland and Tongliao Plain | Eastern Inner Mongolia (Zone I1) | Range stays the same but intensity enhanced | The grain output areas mainly developed to the regions in Xinjiang and Inner Mongolia with gentle slope, once-cropping per year, and adequate water resource for irrigation. | |
Central Inner Mongolia (Zone I2) | Hetao Plain | Central Inner Mongolia (Zone I2) | Qiantao Plain | Separated into two areas: I2 and I3 | ||
Western Inner Mongolia (Zone I3) | Houtao Plain | The new area separated from I2 | ||||
Ningxia (Zone II) | Yinchuan Plain | Ningxia (Zone II) | Yinchuan Plain | Range stays the same but intensity reduced | ||
Southern Gansu (Zone III1) | Longdong Highland and Longnan Valley | Southern Gansu (Zone III1) | Longdong Highland and Longnan Valley | Range stays the same but intensity reduced | ||
Western Gansu (Zone III2) | Zhangye and Wuwei Oasis | Western Gansu (Zone III2) | Zhangye and Wuwei Oasis | Range and intensity reduced | ||
Xinjiang-1 (Zone IV1) | Yili Valley Plain | Xinjiang-1 (Zone IV1) | Yili Valley Plain, southern Junggar Oasis Plain | Range expanded and intensity enhanced, new area | ||
Xinjiang-2 (Zone IV2) | Kashi Oasis Plain | Xinjiang-2 (Zone IV2) | Kashi Oasis Plain | Range expanded but intensity reduced | ||
Xinjiang-3 (Zone IV3) | Tacheng Valley Plain | New area | ||||
Huang-Huai-Hai Plain | The border area among Beijing, Hebei and Tianjin (Zone I) | Haihe Plain | The border area among Beijing, Hebei and Tianjin (Zone I) | Vanished | The grain output areas mainly developed to the regions in Shandong and Henan with gentle slope, triple-cropping two years or double-cropping per year, and adequate water. | |
The middle of Hebei (Zone II) | Haihe Plain | The middle of Hebei (Zone II) | Haihe Plain | Range stays the same, but intensity decreased | ||
Northeastern Henan (Zone III1) | Huanghe Plain | Northeastern Henan (Zone III1) | Huanghe Plain | Range expanded and intensity enhanced, almost merged with III1–IV1 | ||
Southeastern Henan (Zone III2) | Huaihe Plain | Southeastern and Southwestern Henan (Zone III2, III3) | Huaihe Plain and Nanyang Basin | Range expanded and intensity enhanced largely | ||
Northeastern Shandong (Zone IV2) | Shandong Peninsula Hills | Northeastern Shandong (Zone IV2) | Shandong Peninsula hills | Range decreased and intensity increased | ||
Southwestern Shandong (Zone IV1) | Huaihe Plain | Northeastern Henan (Zone III1) | Huaihe Plain | Almost merged with III1–IV1. | ||
Loess Plateau | Central Shanxi (Zone I1) | Taiyuan Basin | Central Shanxi (Zone I1) | Taiyuan Basin | Range and intensity expanded | The grain output areas mainly developed to the regions in Shanxi with gentle slope, triple-cropping two years or double-cropping per year, adequate water resource for irrigation, and greater soil fertility. |
Southeastern Shanxi (Zone I2) | Changzhi Basin | Southeastern Shanxi (Zone I2) | Changzhi Basin | Range and intensity expanded | ||
Southwestern Shanxi (Zone I3) | Fenhe-Huanghe Valley | Southwestern Shanxi (Zone I3) | Fenhe-Huanghe Valley | Range and intensity expanded | ||
Central Shaanxi (Zone II1) | Guanzhong Basin | Central Shaanxi (Zone II1) | Guanzhong Basin | Range and intensity decreased | ||
Southern Shaanxi (Zone II2 and II3) | Hanjiang Valley | Vanished | ||||
Northeastern Shanxi (Zone I4) | Datong and Yizhou Basin | New area | ||||
Northwestern Shaanxi (Zone II4) | - | New area | ||||
Middle-lower Yangtze Plain | Jiangsu, Shanghai and the northern Zhejiang (Zone I) | Huang-Huai Plain and Yangtze River Delta | Jiangsu, Shanghai and the northern Zhejiang (Zone I) | Huang-Huai Plain and Yangtze River Delta | Range expanded and intensity enhanced in the northern areas, and reduced in the southern areas. | The grain output areas mainly developed to the regions in Jiangsu and Anhui with gentle slope, triple-cropping two years or double-cropping per year, and greater soil fertility. |
Northern Jiangxi (Zone II) | Poyang-lake Plain | Northern Jiangxi (Zone II) | Poyang-lake Plain | Range and intensity decreased | ||
Northern Hubei (Zone III1) | Jianghan Plain | Northern Hubei (Zone III1) | Jianghan Plain | Range and intensity decreased | ||
Southern Hubei and northern Hunan (Zone III2) | Dongting-lake Plain | Southern Hubei and northern Hunan (Zone III2) | Dongting-lake Plain | Range and intensity decreased | ||
Middle of Hunan (Zone III3) | Hunan Hills | Middle of Hunan (Zone III3) | Hunan Hills | Range and intensity decreased | ||
Sichuan Basin and surrounding regions | Sichuan-1 (Zone I1) | Chengdu Plain | Sichuan-1 (Zone I1) | Chengdu Plain | Range and intensity decreased | The grain output areas keep stable in the long terms, with superior thermal and moisture conditions and double-cropping or triple-cropping per year, and there are abundant water re-sources for irrigation. |
Sichuan-2 (Zone I2) | Central Sichuan Hilly Basin | Sichuan-2 (Zone I2) | Central Sichuan Hilly Basin | Range and intensity decreased | ||
Chongqing (Zone II) | Ridge and Valley Province of Chuandong | Chongqing (Zone II) | Ridge and Valley Province of Chuandong | Range increased and intensity decreased | ||
Southern China | Eastern coastal area 1 of Fujian (Zone I1) | Fuzhou Plain | Eastern coastal area 1 of Fujian (Zone I1) | Vanished | The grain output areas mainly developed to the regions in Guangdong and Hainan with gentle slope, double-cropping per year, and triple-cropping per year. | |
Eastern coastal area 2 of Fujian (Zone I2) | Quanzhou Plain | Eastern coastal area 2 of Fujian (Zone I2) | Vanished | |||
Eastern Guangdong Coastal Area (Zone II1) | Chaozhou-Shantou Plain | Eastern Pearl River Delta of Guangdong (Zone II1) | Chaozhou-Shantou Plain | Range stays the same, but intensity enhanced | ||
Pearl River Delta (Zone II2) | Pearl River Delta | Middle Pearl River Delta of Guangdong (Zone II2) | Pearl River Delta | Range and intensity decreased | ||
Western Guangdong Coastal Area (Zone II3) | Zhanjiang Plain | Western Pearl River Delta of Guangdong (Zone II3) | Zhanjiang Plain | Range expanded and intensity enhanced | ||
Northeastern Hainan (Zone III) | Northeastern Hainan Plain | New area | ||||
Yunnan Guizhou Plateau | Guangxi-1 (Zone I1) | Guilin Valley Plain | Guangxi-1 (Zone I1) | Guilin Valley Plain | Intensity enhanced | The grain output areas mainly developed to the regions in Yunnan and Guizhou with gentle slope. |
Guangxi-2 (Zone I2) | Wuzhou Valley Plain | Guangxi-2 (Zone I2) | Wuzhou Valley Plain | Keep the same | ||
Guangxi-3 (Zone I3) | Nanning-hepu Valley | Guangxi-3 (Zone I3) | Nanning-hepu Valley | Keep the same | ||
Guangxi-4 (Zone I4) | Yulin-hepu Valley | Guangxi-4 (Zone I4) | Yulin-hepu Valley | Range expanded and intensity enhanced | ||
Guizhou (Zone II1, II2) | Zunyi Basin | Guizhou (area Zone II1, II2) | Zunyi Basin | Range expanded several times and intensity increased | ||
Yunnan-1 (Zone III1) | Qujin Valley | Yunnan-1 (Zone III1) | Northeastern Yunnan Area | Range expanded dozens of times, and intensity enhanced much more | ||
Yunnan-2 (Zone III2) | Tengchong highland Valley | New area | ||||
Qinghai Tibet Plateau | Qinghai (Zone I1) | Huangshui Valley | Qinghai (Zone I1) | Huangshui Valley | Range and intensity reduced | The areas reduced, meaning that this region is not suitable for farming. |
Qinghai (Zone I2) | - | New area | ||||
Tibet (Zone II) | Southern Tibet Valley | Tibet (Zone II) | Southern Tibet Valley | Range and intensity reduced |
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Extremely Arid Zone | Arid and Semi-Arid Zone | Semi-Humid and Semi-Arid Zone | Humid and Semi-Humid Zone | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Cold and mid temperate zone | Far Northwest China | Close Northwest China | Northern China | Northeast China |
Irrigated farming in oasis, crops planted once a year, produces wheat, cotton, and fruit. | Irrigated farming, crops planted once a year, produces dry and coarse cereals. | Crops planted once a year, produces wheat and dry and coarse cereals. | Crops planted once a year, produces rice, wheat, corn, and soybeans, best grain base. | |
Warm temperate and north sub-tropical zone | Northern Qinghai | Guanzhong and Qinling-Bashan Mt. Area | Central Plain of China | Liaoning and Shandong peninsula |
Crops planted once a year, produces cold and dry foods such as hulless barley and fruit. | Crops planted once a year, produces both drycereals and rice and fruits from north and south China. | Crops planted once to twice a year, produces wheat, cotton, tubers, and potatos. | Crops planted once to twice a year, produces wheat, rape oil, tobacco, and fruit. | |
Mid sub-tropical zone | Middle and Southern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau | Sichuan Basin | Central China | Eastern China |
Cold weather, hard to produce grain, produces a little hulless barley and rape. | Crops planted twice a year, produces wheat, rice, rape, oranges, and silkworm. | Grain crops planted twice or multiple times a year, produces eco-crops such as tea and rape oil. | Grain crops planted twice or multiple times a year, produces economic crops and fishery. | |
South sub-tropical and tropical zone | Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau | Southern China | Southeastern China | |
Various planting patterns, produces rice, dry grains, tobacco, and medicines. | Crops planted three times a year, produces rice, tropical crops, and sugar. | Rice crops planted twice a year, produces economic and tropical crops and fishery. |
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Lei, C.; Qi, Q.; Jiang, L.; Fu, Y.; Liang, Q. Analysis of Current and Qualified Major Grain Producing Areas in China in the Last 30 Years. Sustainability 2022, 14, 2909. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14052909
Lei C, Qi Q, Jiang L, Fu Y, Liang Q. Analysis of Current and Qualified Major Grain Producing Areas in China in the Last 30 Years. Sustainability. 2022; 14(5):2909. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14052909
Chicago/Turabian StyleLei, Chengcheng, Qingwen Qi, Lili Jiang, Yan Fu, and Qizhang Liang. 2022. "Analysis of Current and Qualified Major Grain Producing Areas in China in the Last 30 Years" Sustainability 14, no. 5: 2909. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14052909