Investigating the Role of Ethical Self-Identity and Its Effect on Consumption Values and Intentions to Adopt Green Vehicles among Generation Z
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- How do consumer values influence Generation Z’s intention to adopt green vehicles?
- What is the impact of incorporating ethical self-identity as a mediator in the relationship between consumer consumption values and Generation Z’s intention to adopt green vehicles?
2. Literature Review
2.1. Theoretical Framework
2.2. Hypothesis Development
2.2.1. Functional Value and Intention
2.2.2. Social Value and Intention
2.2.3. Conditional Value and Intention
2.2.4. Epistemic Value and Intention
2.2.5. Emotional Value and Intention
2.2.6. Ethical Self Identity
3. Research Methodology
3.1. Measurements
3.2. Common Method Bias
4. Data Analysis
4.1. Measurement Model
4.2. Structural Model Assessment
4.3. Direct Relationships
4.4. Mediating Influence of Ethical Self-Identity in the Link between Consumption Values and the Adoption of Green Vehicles
5. Discussion
5.1. Conclusion and Theoretical Contributions
5.2. Practical Contributions
5.3. Limitations and Future Direction
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Construct/Items Description | Source | |
---|---|---|
Functional Value (Quality) | ||
FV(Q)1 | Green vehicles have a consistent quality. | Zailani et al. (2019) |
FV(Q)2 | Green vehicles have an acceptable standard of quality. | |
FV(Q)3 | Green vehicles are well made. | |
Functional Value (Price) | ||
FV(P)1 | Green vehicles offer value for money. | Qasim et al. (2019) |
FV(P)2 | Green vehicles are reasonably priced. | |
Social Value | ||
SV1 | Buying a green vehicle would help me to feel morally acceptable. | Lin and Huang (2012) |
SV1 | Buying a green vehicle product would improve the way that I am perceived. | |
SV1 | Buying a green vehicle would make a good impression on others. | |
Epistemic Value | ||
EV1 | Before buying a green vehicle, I would obtain a substantial amount of information about different makes and models. | Zailani et al. (2019) |
EV2 | I am willing to seek out novel information. | |
EV3 | I like to search for what is new and different. | |
Conditional Value | ||
CV1 | I would buy a green vehicle instead of its conventional counterpart under worsening environmental conditions. | Zailani et al. (2019) |
CV2 | I would buy a green vehicle instead of its conventional counterpart if there were a subsidy for it. | |
CV3 | I would buy a green vehicle instead of its conventional counterpart if there were discount rates or promotional activity. | |
Emotional Value | ||
EV1 | For me, electric vehicles are the ones that I would enjoy. | Han et al. (2017) |
EV2 | For me, the experience of driving electric vehicles would give me pleasure. | |
EV3 | For me, an electric vehicle is the one that I would feel relaxed about using. | |
Ethical Self-Identity | ||
ESI1 | Ethics are important to me when making buying decisions. | Brich et al. (2018) |
ESI2 | I think of myself as someone concerned about ethical issues. | |
ESI3 | I think of myself as an ethical consumer. | |
Adoption Intention | ||
INT1 | I would buy a green vehicle if the performance is the same as the conventional vehicles. | Mamun et al. (2019) |
INT2 | I would buy a green vehicle even if it has a less appealing design. | |
INT3 | When I replace my existing vehicle, I plan to purchase a green vehicle. | |
INT4 | I intend to purchase a green vehicle next time because of its positive environmental contribution. |
References
- Joshi, Y.; Rahman, Z. Investigating the determinants of consumers’ sustainable purchase behaviour. Sustain. Prod. Consum. 2017, 10, 110–120. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Al Mamun, A.; Masud, M.M.; Fazal, S.A.; Muniady, R. Green vehicle adoption behavior among low-income households: Evidence from coastal Malaysia. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Res. 2019, 26, 27305–27318. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hao, Y.; Dong, X.-Y.; Deng, Y.-X.; Li, L.-X.; Ma, Y. What influences personal purchases of new energy vehicles in China? An empirical study based on a survey of Chinese citizens. J. Renew. Sustain. 2016, 8, 065904. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sang, Y.-N.; Bekhet, H.A. Modelling electric vehicle usage intentions: An empirical study in Malaysia. J. Clean. Prod. 2015, 92, 75–83. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- IKEA. CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion 2019; IKEA: Paris, France, 2019. [Google Scholar]
- Wang, N.; Tang, L.; Pan, H. Analysis of public acceptance of electric vehicles: An empirical study in Shanghai. Technol. Forecast. Soc. Chang. 2018, 126, 284–291. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hamzah, M.I.; Tanwir, N.S. Do pro-environmental factors lead to purchase intention of hybrid vehicles? The moderating effects of environmental knowledge. J. Clean. Prod. 2021, 279, 123643. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Al-Buenain, A.; Al-Muhannadi, S.; Falamarzi, M.; Kutty, A.A.; Kucukvar, M.; Onat, N.C. The Adoption of Electric Vehicles in Qatar Can Contribute to Net Carbon Emission Reduction but Requires Strong Government Incentives. Vehicles 2021, 3, 618–635. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wolske, K.S.; Gillingham, K.T.; Schultz, P.W. Peer influence on household energy behaviours. Nat. Energy 2020, 5, 202–212. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mohiuddin, M.; Al Mamun, A.; Syed, F.A.; Masud, M.M.; Su, Z. Environmental Knowledge, Awareness, and Business School Students’ Intentions to Purchase Green Vehicles in Emerging Countries. Sustainability 2018, 10, 1534. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Vilchez, J.J.G.; Smyth, A.; Kelleher, L.; Lu, H.; Rohr, C.; Harrison, G.; Thiel, C. Electric Car Purchase Price as a Factor Determining Consumers’ Choice and their Views on Incentives in Europe. Sustainability 2019, 11, 6357. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Abas, N.; Kalair, A.; Khan, N.; Kalair, A.R. Review of GHG emissions in Pakistan compared to SAARC countries. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2017, 80, 990–1016. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Saleem Shaikh, S.T. Pakistan Moves to Curb Urban Air Pollution after High Court Ruling. Available online: https://www.reuters.com/article/us-pakistan-airpollution-court/pakistan-moves-to-curb-urban-air-pollution-after-high-court-ruling-idUSKBN1I11B5 (accessed on 2 October 2021).
- Qureshi, Z. Pakistan to Introduce Electric Vehicles to Fight Air Pollution; Pakistan—Gulf News: Islamabad, Pakistan, 2019. [Google Scholar]
- Lee, J.; Baig, F.; Talpur, M.A.; Shaikh, S. Public Intentions to Purchase Electric Vehicles in Pakistan. Sustainability 2021, 13, 5523. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rezvani, Z.; Jansson, J.; Bodin, J. Advances in consumer electric vehicle adoption research: A review and research agenda. Transp. Res. Part D Transp. Environ. 2015, 34, 122–136. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Brückmann, G.M.; Bernauer, T. What drives public support for policies to enhance electric vehicle adoption? Environ. Res. Lett. 2020, 15, 094002. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lai, I.K.W.; Liu, Y.; Sun, X.; Zhang, H.; Xu, W. Factors Influencing the Behavioural Intention towards Full Electric Vehicles: An Empirical Study in Macau. Sustainability 2015, 7, 12564–12585. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Tu, J.-C.; Yang, C. Key Factors Influencing Consumers’ Purchase of Electric Vehicles. Sustainability 2019, 11, 3863. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Alzahrani, K.; Hall-Phillips, A.; Zeng, A.Z. Applying the theory of reasoned action to understanding consumers’ intention to adopt hybrid electric vehicles in Saudi Arabia. Transportation 2019, 46, 199–215. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Barbarossa, C.; De Pelsmacker, P.; Moons, I. Personal Values, Green Self-identity and Electric Car Adoption. Ecol. Econ. 2017, 140, 190–200. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kumar, R.; Jha, A.; Damodaran, A.; Bangwal, D.; Dwivedi, A. Addressing the challenges to electric vehicle adoption via sharing economy: An Indian perspective. Manag. Environ. Qual. Int. J. 2021, 32, 82–99. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Babar, A.H.K.; Ali, Y.; Khan, A.U. Moving toward green mobility: Overview and analysis of electric vehicle selection, Pakistan a case in point. Environ. Dev. Sustain. 2021, 23, 10994–11011. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bhutto, M.H.; Shaikh, A.A.; Sharma, R. In Factors Affecting the Consumers’ Purchase Intention and Willingness-to-Pay More for Electric-Vehicle Technology. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Electronic Business, Nanjing, China, 3–7 December 2021; International Consortium for Electronic Business: Nanjing, China, 2021. [Google Scholar]
- Khare, A.; Pandey, S. Role of green self-identity and peer influence in fostering trust towards organic food retailers. Int. J. Retail Distrib. Manag. 2017, 45, 969–990. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Qasim, H.; Yan, L.; Guo, R.; Saeed, A.; Ashraf, B.N. The Defining Role of Environmental Self-Identity among Consumption Values and Behavioral Intention to Consume Organic Food. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 1106. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Tung, T.; Koenig, H.F.; Chen, H.-L. Effects of Green Self-Identity and Cognitive and Affective Involvement on Patronage Intention in Eco-Friendly Apparel Consumption: A Gender Comparison. Sustainability 2017, 9, 1977. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Sharma, N.; Saha, R.; Sreedharan, V.R.; Paul, J. Relating the role of green self-concepts and identity on green purchasing behaviour: An empirical analysis. Bus. Strat. Environ. 2020, 29, 3203–3219. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hansen, T.; Sørensen, M.I.; Eriksen, M.-L.R. How the interplay between consumer motivations and values influences organic food identity and behavior. Food Policy 2018, 74, 39–52. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Michaelidou, N.; Hassan, L.M. The role of health consciousness, food safety concern and ethical identity on attitudes and intentions towards organic food. Int. J. Consum. Stud. 2008, 32, 163–170. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chen, M. The impacts of perceived moral obligation and sustainability self-identity on sustainability development: A theory of planned behavior purchase intention model of sustainability-labeled coffee and the moderating effect of climate change skepticism. Bus. Strat. Environ. 2020, 29, 2404–2417. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sciarelli, M.; Tani, M.; Prisco, A.; Caputo, F. Fostering ethical consumption in food sector: Insights from the Italian Solidarity Purchasing Groups. Br. Food J. 2021, 123, 3100–3115. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Talwar, S.; Jabeen, F.; Tandon, A.; Sakashita, M.; Dhir, A. What drives willingness to purchase and stated buying behavior toward organic food? A Stimulus–Organism–Behavior–Consequence (SOBC) perspective. J. Clean. Prod. 2021, 293, 125882. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hoffarth, M.R.; Hodson, G. Green on the outside, red on the inside: Perceived environmentalist threat as a factor explaining political polarization of climate change. J. Environ. Psychol. 2016, 45, 40–49. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Graham-Rowe, E.; Gardner, B.; Abraham, C.; Skippon, S.; Dittmar, H.; Hutchins, R.; Stannard, J. Mainstream consumers driving plug-in battery-electric and plug-in hybrid electric cars: A qualitative analysis of responses and evaluations. Transp. Res. Part A Policy Pract. 2012, 46, 140–153. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Schuitema, G.; Anable, J.; Skippon, S.; Kinnear, N. The role of instrumental, hedonic and symbolic attributes in the intention to adopt electric vehicles. Transp. Res. Part A Policy Pract. 2013, 48, 39–49. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Skippon, S.; Garwood, M. Responses to battery electric vehicles: UK consumer attitudes and attributions of symbolic meaning following direct experience to reduce psychological distance. Transp. Res. Part D Transp. Environ. 2011, 16, 525–531. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bulut, Z.A.; Çımrin, F.K.; Doğan, O. Gender, generation and sustainable consumption: Exploring the behaviour of consumers from Izmir, Turkey. Int. J. Consum. Stud. 2017, 41, 597–604. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Diprose, K.; Valentine, G.; Vanderbeck, R.M.; Liu, C.; McQuaid, K. Building common cause towards sustainable consumption: A cross-generational perspective. Environ. Plan. E Nat. Space 2019, 2, 203–228. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Severo, E.A.; de Guimarães, J.C.F.; Dorion, E.C.H. Cleaner production, social responsibility and eco-innovation: Generations’ perception for a sustainable future. J. Clean. Prod. 2018, 186, 91–103. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kamenidou, I.E.; Stavrianea, A.; Bara, E.-Z. Generational Differences toward Organic Food Behavior: Insights from Five Generational Cohorts. Sustainability 2020, 12, 2299. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Williams, K.; Page, R. Marketing to the Generations. J. Behav. Stud. Bus. 2011, 3, 37–52. [Google Scholar]
- Krasulja, N.; Ilić, D.T.; Marković, B.M. Basic principles of circular economy with special focus on sustainable consumption “Y” and “Z” generation. Ecoforum J. 2020, 9. Available online: http://www.ecoforumjournal.ro/index.php/eco/article/view/1069 (accessed on 2 October 2021).
- Chaturvedi, P.; Kulshreshtha, K.; Tripathi, V. Investigating the determinants of behavioral intentions of generation Z for recycled clothing: An evidence from a developing economy. Young-Consum. 2020, 21, 403–417. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nielsen. The Nielsen Sustainability Imperative; Nielsen: New York, NY, USA, 2016; Available online: https://www.nielsen.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2019/04/Global20Sustainability20Report_October202015.pdf (accessed on 2 October 2021).
- Adnan, A.; Ahmad, A.; Khan, M.N. Examining the role of consumer lifestyles on ecological behavior among young Indian consumers. Young-Consum. 2017, 18, 348–377. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kilbourne, W.; Pickett, G. How materialism affects environmental beliefs, concern, and environmentally responsible behavior. J. Bus. Res. 2008, 61, 885–893. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cao, D.; Zheng, Y.; Liu, C.; Yao, X.; Chen, S. Consumption values, anxiety and organic food purchasing behaviour considering the moderating role of sustainable consumption attitude. Br. Food J. 2021. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zaidi, S.M.M.R.; Yifei, L.; Bhutto, M.Y.; Ali, R.; Alam, F. The influence of consumption values on green purchase intention: A moderated mediation of greenwash perceptions and green trust. Pak. J. Commer. Soc. Sci. 2019, 13, 826–848. [Google Scholar]
- Sheth, J.N.; Newman, B.I.; Gross, B.L. Why we buy what we buy: A theory of consumption values. J. Bus. Res. 1991, 22, 159–170. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jayawardhena, C. Measurement of Service Quality in Internet Banking: The Development of an Instrument. J. Mark. Manag. 2004, 20, 185–207. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ajzen, I.; Fishbein, M. Attitudinal and normative variables as predictors of specific behavior. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 1973, 27, 41–57. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Abbas, M.; Bashir, F. Having a green identity: Does pro-environmental self-identity mediate the effects of moral identity on ethical consumption and pro-environmental behaviour? (Tener una identidad verde: ¿la identidad propia respetuosa con el medioambiente sirve de mediadora para los efectos de la identidad moral sobre el consumo ético y la conducta respetuosa con el medio ambiente?). Stud. Psychol. 2020, 41, 612–643. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Johe, M.H.; Bhullar, N. To buy or not to buy: The roles of self-identity, attitudes, perceived behavioral control and norms in organic consumerism. Ecol. Econ. 2016, 128, 99–105. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Carfora, V.; Cavallo, C.; Caso, D.; Del Giudice, T.; De Devitiis, B.; Viscecchia, R.; Nardone, G.; Cicia, G. Explaining consumer purchase behavior for organic milk: Including trust and green self-identity within the theory of planned behavior. Food Qual. Prefer. 2019, 76, 1–9. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lee, C.K.C.; Levy, D.; Yap, C.S.F. How does the theory of consumption values contribute to place identity and sustainable consumption? Int. J. Consum. Stud. 2015, 39, 597–607. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Majeed, A.; Ahmed, I.; Rasheed, A. Investigating influencing factors on consumers’ choice behavior and their environmental concerns while purchasing green products in Pakistan. J. Environ. Plan. Manag. 2021, 1–25. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Han, L.; Wang, S.; Zhao, D.; Li, J. The intention to adopt electric vehicles: Driven by functional and non-functional values. Transp. Res. Part A Policy Pract. 2017, 103, 185–197. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, X.; Wang, K.; Hao, Y.; Fan, J.-L.; Wei, Y.-M. The impact of government policy on preference for NEVs: The evidence from China. Energy Policy 2013, 61, 382–393. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sultan, P.; Tarafder, T.; Pearson, D.; Henryks, J. Intention-behaviour gap and perceived behavioural control-behaviour gap in theory of planned behaviour: Moderating roles of communication, satisfaction and trust in organic food consumption. Food Qual. Prefer. 2020, 81, 103838. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sweeney, J.C.; Soutar, G.N. Consumer perceived value: The development of a multiple item scale. J. Retail. 2001, 77, 203–220. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kumar, P.; Ghodeswar, B.M. Factors affecting consumers’ green product purchase decisions. Mark. Intell. Plan. 2015, 33, 330–347. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bhutto, M.; Liu, X.; Soomro, Y.; Ertz, M.; Baeshen, Y. Adoption of Energy-Efficient Home Appliances: Extending the Theory of Planned Behavior. Sustainability 2020, 13, 250. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Saxena, R.P.; Khandelwal, P.K. Can Green Marketing be used as a tool for Sustainable Growth?: A Study Performed on Consumers in India—An Emerging Economy. Int. J. Environ. Cult. Econ. Soc. Sustain. Annu. Rev. 2010, 6, 277–291. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Teoh, C.W.; Mohd Noor, N.A. What affects Malaysian consumers’ intention to purchase hybrid car? Asian Soc. Sci. 2015, 11, 11–26. [Google Scholar]
- Chu, W.; Baumann, C.; Hamin, H.; Hoadley, S. Adoption of Environment-Friendly Cars: Direct vis-à-vis Mediated Effects of Government Incentives and Consumers’ Environmental Concern across Global Car Markets. J. Glob. Mark. 2018, 31, 282–291. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Coad, A.; de Haan, P.; Woersdorfer, J.S. Consumer support for environmental policies: An application to purchases of green cars. Ecol. Econ. 2009, 68, 2078–2086. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Pihlström, M.; Brush, G.J. Comparing the perceived value of information and entertainment mobile services. Psychol. Mark. 2008, 25, 732–755. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Choe, J.Y.; Kim, S. Effects of tourists’ local food consumption value on attitude, food destination image, and behavioral intention. Int. J. Hosp. Manag. 2018, 71, 1–10. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- LEE, J. The Impact of Consumption Values on Environmentally Friendly Product Purchase Decision. J. Econ. Mark. Manag. 2021, 9, 31–43. [Google Scholar]
- Ahn, S.J.; Lee, S.H. The Effect of Consumers’ Perceived Value on Acceptance of an Internet-Only Bank Service. Sustainability 2019, 11, 4599. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Holbrook, M.B. Consumption experience, customer value, and subjective personal introspection: An illustrative photographic essay. J. Bus. Res. 2006, 59, 714–725. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pelsmacker, P.D.; Moons, I.; Barvarossa, C. A self-identity driven model of electric car adoption and the moderating role of personal values. In Proceedings of the International Conference Marketing Trends: 2016, Venice, Italy, 21–26 January 2016; pp. 1–16. Available online: http://archives.marketing-trends-congress.com/2016/pages/PDF/PELSMACKER_MOONS_BARVAROSSA.pdf (accessed on 2 October 2021).
- Stets, J.E.; Burke, P.J. Identity Theory and Social Identity Theory. Soc. Psychol. Q. 2000, 63, 224–237. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Shaw, D.; Shiu, E. The role of ethical obligation and self-identity in ethical consumer choice. Int. J. Consum. Stud. 2002, 26, 109–116. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Megicks, P.; Memery, J.; Williams, J.; Megicks, P. Influences on ethical and socially responsible shopping: Evidence from the UK grocery sector. J. Mark. Manag. 2008, 24, 637–659. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Honkanen, P.; Olsen, S.O.; Verplanken, B. Intention to consume seafood—The importance of habit. Appetite 2005, 45, 161–168. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Rahi, S. Research Design and Methods: A Systematic Review of Research Paradigms, Sampling Issues and Instruments Development. Int. J. Econ. Manag. Sci. 2017, 6, 6. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zailani, S.; Iranmanesh, M.; Hyun, S.S.; Ali, M.H. Applying the Theory of Consumption Values to Explain Drivers’ Willingness to Pay for Biofuels. Sustainability 2019, 11, 668. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Lin, P.-C.; Huang, Y.-H. The influence factors on choice behavior regarding green products based on the theory of consumption values. J. Clean. Prod. 2012, 22, 11–18. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Birch, D.; Memery, J.; de Silva Kanakaratne, M. The mindful consumer: Balancing egoistic and altruistic motivations to purchase local food. J. Retail. Consum. Serv. 2018, 40, 221–228. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jordan, P.J.; Troth, A.C. Common method bias in applied settings: The dilemma of researching in organizations. Aust. J. Manag. 2019, 45, 3–14. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fornell, C.; Bookstein, F.L. Two Structural Equation Models: LISREL and PLS Applied to Consumer Exit-Voice Theory. J. Mark. Res. 1982, 19, 440–452. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Hair, J.F., Jr.; Sarstedt, M.; Hopkins, L.; Kuppelwieser, V.G. Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). Eur. Bus. Rev. 2014, 26, 106–121. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gefen, D.; Straub, D.; Boudreau, M. Structural Equation Modeling and Regression: Guidelines for Research Practice. Commun. Assoc. Inf. Syst. 2000, 4, 7. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Hair, J.F., Jr.; Ringle, C.M.; Sarstedt, M. Partial least squares structural equation modeling: Rigorous applications, better results and higher acceptance. Long Range Plan. Int. J. Strateg. Manag. 2013, 46, 1–12. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hair, J.; Hult, G.T.M.; Ringle, C.; Sarstedt, M. A Primer on Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM); SAGE Publications: Thousand Oaks, CA, USA, 2022. [Google Scholar]
- Cohen, J. Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences, 2nd ed.; Lawrence Erlbaum: Mahwah, NJ, USA, 2013. [Google Scholar]
- Biswas, A.; Roy, M. Green products: An exploratory study on the consumer behaviour in emerging economies of the East. J. Clean. Prod. 2015, 87, 463–468. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ali, S.; Danish, M.; Khuwaja, F.M.; Sajjad, M.S.; Zahid, H. The Intention to Adopt Green IT Products in Pakistan: Driven by the Modified Theory of Consumption Values. Environments 2019, 6, 53. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Wang, W.; Mo, T.; Wang, Y. Better self and better us: Exploring the individual and collective motivations for China’s Generation Z consumers to reduce plastic pollution. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 2022, 179, 106111. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tabassum, S.; Khwaja, M.; Zaman, U. Can Narrative Advertisement and eWOM Influence Generation Z Purchase Intentions? Information 2020, 11, 545. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gulzari, A.; Wang, Y.; Prybutok, V. A green experience with eco-friendly cars: A young consumer electric vehicle rental behavioral model. J. Retail. Consum. Serv. 2022, 65, 102877. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Category | Frequency | Percentage |
---|---|---|
Gender | ||
Male | 240 | 75% |
Female | 79 | 25% |
Age | ||
Under 18 years | 51 | 16% |
18–23 years | 268 | 84% |
Education | ||
Undergraduate | 38 | 12% |
Masters and higher | 281 | 88% |
Household Income | ||
Less than 50,000 RS | 56 | 17% |
50,001–100,000 RS | 182 | 57% |
≥100,001 | 81 | 26% |
Constructs | Items | Loadings | Cronbach’s Alpha | CR | AVE |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Functional Value (Quality) | 0.843 | 0.905 | 0.761 | ||
FQ1 | 0.881 | ||||
FQ2 | 0.847 | ||||
FQ3 | 0.889 | ||||
Functional Value (Price) | 0.731 | 0.872 | 0.775 | ||
FP1 | 0.807 | ||||
FP2 | 0.948 | ||||
FP3 | 0.889 | ||||
Social Value | 0.732 | 0.848 | 0.654 | ||
SV1 | 0.665 | ||||
SV2 | 0.876 | ||||
SV3 | 0.886 | ||||
Conditional Value | 0.771 | 0.871 | 0.699 | ||
CV1 | 0.608 | ||||
CV2 | 0.947 | ||||
CV3 | 0.912 | ||||
Epistemic Value | 0.827 | 0.896 | 0.742 | ||
EP1 | 0.880 | ||||
EP2 | 0.830 | ||||
EP3 | 0.873 | ||||
Emotional Value | 0.721 | 0.829 | 0.619 | ||
EV1 | 0.780 | ||||
EV2 | 0.714 | ||||
EV3 | 0.860 | ||||
Ethical Self-Identity | 0.813 | 0.889 | 0.727 | ||
ESI1 | 0.882 | ||||
ESI2 | 0.841 | ||||
ESI3 | 0.835 | ||||
Behavioral Intention | 0.802 | 0.871 | 0.631 | ||
BI1 | 0.749 | ||||
BI2 | 0.858 | ||||
BI3 | 0.782 | ||||
BI4 | 0.683 |
CV | EV | EP | ESI | FV(P) | FV(Q) | INT | SV | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Conditional Value | 0.836 | |||||||
Emotional Value | 0.482 | 0.787 | ||||||
Epistemic Value | 0.696 | 0.508 | 0.861 | |||||
Ethical Self-Identity | 0.620 | 0.576 | 0.571 | 0.853 | ||||
Functional Value (Price) | 0.443 | 0.222 | 0.432 | 0.425 | 0.880 | |||
Functional Value (Quality) | 0.633 | 0.544 | 0.590 | 0.818 | 0.430 | 0.872 | ||
Intention to Adopt (Green Vehicles) | 0.781 | 0.526 | 0.732 | 0.790 | 0.456 | 0.776 | 0.794 | |
Social Value | 0.626 | 0.446 | 0.590 | 0.733 | 0.562 | 0.731 | 0.755 | 0.808 |
Relationships | Beta Value | t-Value | p Values | F Values | Results |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
H1(a): FV(Q) → INT | 0.148 | 2.526 | 0.012 | 0.032 | Accepted |
H1(b): FV(P) → INT | 0.035 | 0.905 | 0.366 | 0.004 | Rejected |
H3: SV→ INT | 0.170 | 2.622 | 0.009 | 0.051 | Accepted |
H4: CV → INT | 0.292 | 5.203 | 0.000 | 0.188 | Accepted |
H5: EP→ INT | 0.031 | 0.667 | 0.499 | 0.003 | Rejected |
H6: EV → INT | 0.216 | 4.021 | 0.000 | 0.110 | Accepted |
Relationships | Beta Value | t-Value | p Values | Confidence Interval | Results |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
H6(a): FV (Q) → ESI → INT | 0.139 | 3.433 | 0.001 | [0.063–0.218] | Accepted |
H6(b): FV(P) → ESI → INT | 0.001 | 0.073 | 0.942 | [−0.020–0.027] | Rejected |
H6(c): SV → ESI → INT | 0.068 | 2.098 | 0.036 | [0.017–0.140] | Accepted |
H6(d): CV → ESI → INT | 0.019 | 1.197 | 0.231 | [−0.012–0.050] | Rejected |
H6(e): EP → ESI → INT | −0.002 | 0.106 | 0.915 | [−0.030–0.031] | Rejected |
H7(f): EV → ESI → INT | 0.043 | 2.358 | 0.018 | [0.013–0.082] | Accepted |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Bhutto, M.Y.; Khan, M.A.; Ertz, M.; Sun, H. Investigating the Role of Ethical Self-Identity and Its Effect on Consumption Values and Intentions to Adopt Green Vehicles among Generation Z. Sustainability 2022, 14, 3015. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14053015
Bhutto MY, Khan MA, Ertz M, Sun H. Investigating the Role of Ethical Self-Identity and Its Effect on Consumption Values and Intentions to Adopt Green Vehicles among Generation Z. Sustainability. 2022; 14(5):3015. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14053015
Chicago/Turabian StyleBhutto, Muhammad Yaseen, Mussadiq Ali Khan, Myriam Ertz, and Haowei Sun. 2022. "Investigating the Role of Ethical Self-Identity and Its Effect on Consumption Values and Intentions to Adopt Green Vehicles among Generation Z" Sustainability 14, no. 5: 3015. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14053015