Bacterial Community Structure and Predicted Metabolic Function of Landfilled Municipal Solid Waste in China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Samples Collection
2.2. Physical and Chemical Analyses
2.3. DNA Extraction and Sequencing
2.4. High-Throughout Data Processing
2.5. Bacterial Community Function Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Physical and Chemical Properties
3.2. Sequencing Results and Microbial Diversity
3.3. Bacterial Taxonomic Composition
3.4. Impact Factors on Bacterial Community Structure
3.5. Functional Analysis of Bacterial Community
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Region | Phase | Bacteria Phylum | Dominant Genus | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
UK | Leachate | Fibrobacters | NA | [23] |
Western Japan | Solid waste | Firmicutes, Bacteroidota, Proteobacteria | NA | [14] |
Medellín, Colombia | Solid waste | Bacteroidota, Proteobacteria | Acinetobacter | [12] |
Madrid, Spain | Solid waste | Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria, Actinobacteria | Sphingosinicella, Microvirga, Amaricoccus, Conexibacter, Marmoricola, Pseudonocardina | [24] |
USA | Solid waste/leachate | Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidota | Pseudomanas, Arcobacter, Acinetobacter | [25] |
Brazil | Solid waste | Firmicutes, Bacteroidota, Proteobacteria | Syntrophomonas, Pseudomanas, Clostridium, Petrimonas, Proteiniphilum | [26] |
Arusha, Tanzania | Solid waste | Firmicutes, Bacteroidota, Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria, Actinobacteria, Spirochaetes | Acinetobacter, Clostridium, Proteinclasticum, Lactobacillus | [27] |
USA | Leachate | Firmicutes, Proteobacteria | NA | [28] |
Beijing and Xi’an, China | Solid waste | Firmicutes, Bacteroidota, Proteobacteria | Proteiniphilum, Atopostipes, Petrimonas | [20] |
Yangzhou, China | Solid waste | Firmicutes, Bacteroidota, Proteobacteria | Halanaerobium, Halanaerobium, Halocella | [19] |
Malaysia | Solid waste | Firmicutes, Bacteroidota, Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria, Actinobacteria, Spirochaetes | NA | [29] |
Xi’an, China | Solid waste | Firmicutes, Bacteroidota, Proteobacteria | Olivibacter, Petrimonas | [16] |
New Delhi, India | Solid waste | Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidota, Planctomycetes, Cyanobacteria | NA | [30] |
11 cities, China | Leachate | Bacteroidota, Firmicutes, Proteobacteria | Candidatus Cloacamonas, Defluviitoga, Sphaerochaeta, Arcobacter, Syntrophomonas, and Petrimonas | [31] |
Component | Landfill | Food Waste | Plastic | Paper | Textile | Wood | Glass and Metal | Cinder and Dust | Others |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mass proportion (100%) | Xingfeng | 54.0 | 19.9 | 12.3 | 4.6 | 3.0 | 3.3 | 1.6 | 1.3 |
Tianziling | 59.4 | 18.0 | 13.5 | 2.0 | 1.1 | 2.3 | 3.7 | 0.0 |
Sample ID | Site | Depth (m) | Age (a) | Moisture Content (%) | Organic Matter Content (%) | pH | EC (ms/cm) | Ammonia (mg/kg) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A1 | Xingfeng landfill, Guangzhou | 10 | 2~3 | 49% | 26.73% | 7.7 | 35.1 | 108.15 |
A2 | 20 | 10~11 | 25% | 23.68% | 6.6 | 32.7 | 165.45 | |
A3 | 30 | 10~11 | 33% | 22.55% | 8.0 | 28.5 | 180.75 | |
A4 | 40 | 10~11 | 41% | 19.93% | 8.0 | 27.8 | 166.35 | |
B1 | 10 | 2~3 | 51% | 28.01% | 7.6 | 33.5 | 49.05 | |
B2 | 20 | 10~11 | 27% | 32.82% | 6.8 | 33.4 | 150.45 | |
B3 | 30 | 10~11 | 37% | 28.55% | 8.0 | 28.0 | 166.65 | |
B4 | 40 | 10~11 | 42% | 26.59% | 8.0 | 29.1 | 183.75 | |
C1 | Tianziling landfill, Hangzhou | 10 | 7~9 | 33% | 19.88% | 7.8 | 24.5 | 123.75 |
C2 | 20 | 9~11 | 32% | 22.93% | 7.7 | 18.6 | 187.05 | |
C3 | 30 | 11~13 | 24% | 21.61% | 7.9 | 24.1 | 30.03 | |
C4 | 40 | 13~15 | 21% | 15.56% | 7.7 | 24.9 | 299.25 | |
D1 | 10 | 1~2 | 52% | 32.39% | 7.5 | 30.1 | 169.05 | |
D2 | 20 | 5~7 | 32% | 32.53% | 7.4 | 24.3 | 226.95 | |
D3 | 30 | 7~9 | 30% | 35.04% | 7.0 | 28.3 | 28.05 | |
D4 | 40 | 9~11 | 25% | 29.95% | 7.8 | 19.1 | 116.70 |
Sample ID | Chao-1 | Shannon | Evenness | Simpson |
---|---|---|---|---|
A1 | 451.7 | 4.22 | 0.195 | 0.955 |
A2 | 497.8 | 4.19 | 0.160 | 0.956 |
A3 | 603.5 | 3.98 | 0.103 | 0.944 |
A4 | 362 | 4.37 | 0.264 | 0.975 |
B1 | 334.9 | 3.72 | 0.126 | 0.930 |
B2 | 345.9 | 3.47 | 0.094 | 0.905 |
B3 | 305.8 | 3.91 | 0.164 | 0.959 |
B4 | 380.2 | 4.39 | 0.247 | 0.973 |
C1 | 370.4 | 3.54 | 0.094 | 0.921 |
C2 | 277 | 2.51 | 0.045 | 0.690 |
C3 | 479.9 | 4.48 | 0.184 | 0.971 |
C4 | 324.2 | 3.60 | 0.116 | 0.937 |
D1 | 509.5 | 4.87 | 0.281 | 0.983 |
D2 | 402 | 4.01 | 0.140 | 0.955 |
D3 | 349.6 | 3.60 | 0.105 | 0.924 |
D4 | 312.7 | 3.16 | 0.079 | 0.868 |
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Ke, H.; Li, J.; Zhang, X.; Hu, J. Bacterial Community Structure and Predicted Metabolic Function of Landfilled Municipal Solid Waste in China. Sustainability 2022, 14, 3144. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14063144
Ke H, Li J, Zhang X, Hu J. Bacterial Community Structure and Predicted Metabolic Function of Landfilled Municipal Solid Waste in China. Sustainability. 2022; 14(6):3144. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14063144
Chicago/Turabian StyleKe, Han, Jinghang Li, Xuanqi Zhang, and Jie Hu. 2022. "Bacterial Community Structure and Predicted Metabolic Function of Landfilled Municipal Solid Waste in China" Sustainability 14, no. 6: 3144. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14063144