After the Epidemic, Is the Smart Traffic Management System a Key Factor in Creating a Green Leisure and Tourism Environment in the Move towards Sustainable Urban Development?
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
2.1. Under the Epidemic, the Importance of Intelligent Transportation System to the Construction of Green Leisure Environment and Sustainable Urban Development
2.2. Participating Intention
2.3. Facility Experience Value and Participating Intention
2.4. Tourism Involvement and Participating Intention
2.5. Tourism Satisfaction and Participating Intention
3. Methods
3.1. Framework and Hypothesis
3.2. Process and Methods
3.3. Tools and Analysis
3.4. Objects, Scope, and Limitations
4. Analysis
4.1. Background Analysis
4.2. Cognitive Analysis of Experience Value, Tourism Involvement, Tourism Satisfaction, and Consumption Willingness of Urban Smart Tourism Transportation System
4.2.1. Cognition of Experience Value of Urban Smart Tourism Transportation System
4.2.2. Cognition of Tourism Involvement
4.2.3. Cognition of Tourism Satisfaction
4.2.4. Cognition of Willingness to Participate
4.3. Correlation Analysis of Experience Value, Tourism Involvement, Tourism Satisfaction, and Participation Willingness
4.4. Discussions
4.4.1. Experience Value
4.4.2. Tourism Involvement
4.4.3. Tourism Satisfaction
4.4.4. Willingness to Participate
4.4.5. Correlation Analysis of Experience Value, Tourism Involvement, Tourism Satisfaction, and Participation Willingness
4.5. Strategic Models of City Using Intelligent Transportation System to Promote Tourism Activities
5. Conclusions and Suggestions
5.1. For Decision-Making and Facilities
5.2. For Passengers and College Students
5.3. For Future Research
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Elliott, A. The Culture of AI: Everyday Life and the Digital Revolution; Routledge: London, UK, 2019. [Google Scholar]
- Banister, D.; Berechman, Y. Transport investment and the promotion of economic growth. J. Transp. Geogr. 2001, 9, 209–218. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, L.; Xue, X.; Zhao, Z.; Wang, Z. The impacts of transportation infrastructure on sustainable development: Emerging trends and challenges. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15, 1172. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Ghosh, M. Built Environment in Response to the Ecology, Design, and Perception of the Global South. In Perception, Design and Ecology of the Built Environment; Ghosh, M., Ed.; Springer Geography; Springer: Cham, Switzerland, 2020. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Guo, X.; Lü, X. The need for biofuels in the context of energy consumption. In Advances in 2nd Generation of Bioethanol Production; Woodhead Publishing: Cambridge, UK, 2021; pp. 9–30. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- UN. Secretary-General. Oceans and the Law of the Sea: Report of the Secretary-General. 2000. Available online: https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/437569 (accessed on 21 September 2021).
- UN. Secretary-General. Oceans and the Law of the Sea in the General Assembly of the United Nations. 2021. Available online: https://www.un.org/depts/los/general_assembly/general_assembly_reports.htm (accessed on 21 September 2021).
- Baarsch, F.; Granadillos, J.R.; Hare, W.; Knaus, M.; Krapp, M.; Schaeffer, M.; Lotze-Campen, H. The impact of climate change on incomes and convergence in Africa. World Dev. 2020, 126, 104699. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lomborg, B. Welfare in the 21st century: Increasing development, reducing inequality, the impact of climate change, and the cost of climate policies. Technol. Forecast. Soc. Chang. 2021, 156, 119981. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pour, S.H.; Abd Wahab, A.K.; Shahid, S.; Asaduzzaman, M.; Dewan, A. Low impact development techniques to mitigate the impacts of climate-change-induced urban floods: Current trends, issues and challenges. Sustain. Cities Soc. 2020, 62, 102373. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Omer, A.M. Energy, environment and sustainable development. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2008, 12, 2265–2300. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, R.; Pu, L.; Zhu, M.; Huang, S.; Jiang, Y. Coastal resource-environmental carrying capacity assessment: A comprehensive and trade-off analysis of the case study in Jiangsu coastal zone, eastern China. Ocean. Coast. Manag. 2020, 186, 105092. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mei, H.; Li, Y.P.; Suo, C.; Ma, Y.; Lv, J. Analyzing the impact of climate change on energy-economy-carbon nexus system in China. Appl. Energy 2020, 262, 114568. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Balat, M. Potential importance of hydrogen as a future solution to environmental and transportation problems. Int. J. Hydrog. Energy 2008, 33, 4013–4029. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hameed, A.A. Smart city planning and sustainable development. In IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering; IOP Publishing: Bristol, UK, 2019; Volume 518, p. 022042. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shamsuzzoha, A.; Nieminen, J.; Piya, S.; Rutledge, K. Smart city for sustainable environment: A comparison of participatory strategies from Helsinki, Singapore and London. Cities 2021, 114, 103194. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dameri, R.P.; Benevolo, C.; Veglianti, E.; Li, Y. Understanding smart cities as a glocal strategy: A comparison between Italy and China. Technol. Forecast. Soc. Chang. 2019, 142, 26–41. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lu, C.W.; Huang, J.C.; Chen, C.; Shu, M.H.; Hsu, C.W.; Tapas Bapu, B.R. An energy-efficient smart city for sustainable green tourism industry. Sustain. Energy Technol. Assess. 2021, 47, 101494. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Elazhary, H. Internet of Things (IoT), mobile cloud, cloudlet, mobile IoT, IoT cloud, fog, mobile edge, and edge emerging computing paradigms: Disambiguation and research directions. J. Netw. Comput. Appl. 2019, 128, 105–140. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Avi, M.A.R.; Sardar, S. Application of Innovative Technologies in the Tourism and Hospitality Industry of Bangladesh: Challenges and Suggestions. In Technology Application in the Tourism and Hospitality Industry of Bangladesh; Hassan, A., Ed.; Springer: Singapore, 2021. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gajdošík, T. Smart Tourism: Concepts and Insights from Central Europe. Czech J. Tour. 2018, 7, 25–44. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Kovynyov, I.; Mikut, R. Digital technologies in airport ground operations. NETNOMICS Econ. Res. Electron. Netw. 2019, 20, 1–30. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Zhu, W.; Shang, F. Rural smart tourism under the background of internet plus. Ecol. Inform. 2021, 65, 101424. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tsaih, R.H.; Hsu, C.C. Artificial intelligence in smart tourism: A conceptual framework. In Proceedings of the The 18th International Conference on Electronic Business, Guilin, China, 2–6 December 2018; pp. 124–133. Available online: https://aisel.aisnet.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1013&context=iceb2018 (accessed on 14 February 2021).
- Mehraliyev, F.; Chan, I.C.C.; Choi, Y.; Koseoglu, M.A.; Law, R. A state-of-the-art review of smart tourism research. J. Travel Tour. Mark. 2020, 37, 78–91. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Brown, D. Climate Change: How Important Is China’s Policy Response to the World. 2021. Available online: https://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/trad/58146804 (accessed on 14 February 2021).
- Global Carbon Project. Data Supplement to the Global Carbon Budget. 2020. Available online: https://www.icos-cp.eu/science-and-impact/global-carbon-budget/2020 (accessed on 14 February 2021).
- Carbon Brief. Which Countries Are Historically Responsible for Climate Change? 2021. Available online: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6zP0L69ielU (accessed on 14 February 2021).
- The People’s Republic of China. China’s Policy and Action Plan to Address Climate Change. State Council of China, China. 2021. Available online: https://carnegieendowment.org/files/China_Climate_Change_Policies_Actions_Chinese.pdf (accessed on 14 February 2021).
- Liu, C.; Dou, X.; Li, J.; Cai, L.A. Analyzing government role in rural tourism development: An empirical investigation from China. J. Rural Stud. 2020, 79, 177–188. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Campisi, T.; Severino, A.; Al-Rashid, M.A.; Pau, G. The development of the smart cities in the connected and autonomous vehicles (CAVs) era: From mobility patterns to scaling in cities. Infrastructures 2021, 6, 100. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fuzhou Changle International Airport. Official Website. 2021. Available online: http://www.fuzhouairport.com.cn/ (accessed on 12 October 2021).
- Fuzhou High-Speed Railway Station. Official Website. 2021. Available online: https://shike.gaotie.cn/zhan.asp?zhan=%B8%A3%D6%DD (accessed on 12 October 2021).
- National Development and Reform Commission. Regarding the Adjustment of the Second Phase Construction Plan of Fuzhou Urban Rail Transit. 2021. Available online: https://www.ndrc.gov.cn/xxgk/zcfb/tz/202007/t20200708_1233393.html?code=&state=123 (accessed on 12 October 2021).
- Yu, J.H.; Lin, H.H.; Huang, J.M.; Wu, C.H.; Tseng, K.C. Under Industry 4.0, the current status of development and trend sports industry combining with cloud technology. Math. Probl. Eng. 2020, 2020, 3805373. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lin, H.-H.; Lee, S.-S.; Perng, Y.-S.; Yu, S.-T. Investigation about the Impact of Tourism Development on a Water Conservation Area in Taiwan. Sustainability 2018, 10, 2328. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Hsu, C.-H.; Lin, H.-H.; Jhang, S.-W.; Lin, T.-Y. Does environmental engineering help rural industry development? Discussion on the impact of Taiwan’s “special act for forward-looking infrastructure” on rural industry development. Water 2020, 12, 3311. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Everyday Ethics for Local Officials. Being Less Than Forthright about an Agency’s. Decision: The Conditioning-a-Project-to-Death. Example. 2002. Available online: https://www.ca-ilg.org/sites/main/files/file-attachments/resources_Conditioning_Project_June_02_0.pdf?1436996263 (accessed on 21 September 2021).
- Day, T.; Gandon, S.; Lion, S.; Otto, S.P. On the evolutionary epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2. Curr. Biol. 2020, 30, R849–R857. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Wu, C.-H. A study on the current impact on island tourism development under COVID-19 epidemic environment and infection risk: A case study of Penghu. Sustainability 2021, 13, 10711. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gao, F.; Li, L. Design of smart travel management system based on cloud service. J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 2020, 1533, 032092. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nurbadi, R.; Amyus, A.; Pratama, B.; Kanz, A.F.; Fajar, A.N.; Wang, G. Implementation of Smart Travel System for Support Travel and Accommodation Industry. J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 2019, 1235, 012029. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ho, R.C.; Amin, M.; Ryu, K.; Ali, F. Integrative model for the adoption of tour itineraries from smart travel apps. J. Hosp. Tour. Technol. 2021, 12, 372–388. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ho, R.C.; Amin, M. What drives the adoption of smart travel planning apps? The relationship between experiential consumption and mobile app acceptanc. International Conference on Economics, Management, and Accounting (ICEMA). KnE Soc. Sci. 2019, 22–41. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Sarker, R.I.; Kaplan, S.; Anderson, M.K.; Haustein, S.; Mailer, M.; Timmermansd, H.J.P. Obtaining transit information from users of a collaborative transit app: Platform-based and individual-related motivators. Transp. Res. Part C Emerg. Technol. 2019, 102, 173–188. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yoo, C.W.; Goo, J.; Huang, C.D.; Nam, K.; Woo, M. Improving travel decision support satisfaction with smart tourism technologies: A framework of tourist elaboration likelihood and self-efficacy. Technol. Forecast. Soc. Chang. 2017, 123, 330–341. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Canh, N.P.; Thanh, S.D. Domestic tourism spending and economic vulnerability. Ann. Tour. Res. 2020, 85, 103063. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Aburumman, A.A. COVID-19 impact and survival strategy in business tourism market: The example of the UAE MICE industry. Humanit. Soc. Sci. Commun. 2020, 7, 141. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dawood, F.; Anda, M.; Shafiullah, G.M. Hydrogen production for energy: An overview. Int. J. Hydrog. Energy 2020, 45, 3847–3869. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dincer, I.; Midili, A. Green Energy. Managing Air Quality and Energy Systems; Taylor & Francis: New York, NY, USA, 2020. [Google Scholar]
- Razmjoo, A.; Nezhad, M.M.; Kaigutha, L.G.; Marzband, M.; Mirjalili, S.; Pazhoohesh, M.; Memon, S.; Ehyaei, M.A.; Piras, G. Investigating smart city development based on green buildings, electrical vehicles and feasible indicators. Sustainability 2021, 13, 7808. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Danilwan, Y.; Pratama, I. The impact of consumer ethnocentrism, animosity, and product judgment on the willingness to buy. Pol. J. Manag. Stud. 2020, 22, 65–81. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hao, Y.; Liu, H.; Chen, H.; Sha, Y.; Ji, H.; Fan, J. What affect consumers’ willingness to pay for green packaging? Evidence from China. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 2019, 141, 21–29. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Güney, O.I.; Giraldo, L. Consumers’ attitudes and willingness to pay for organic eggs: A discrete choice experiment study in Turkey. Br. Food J. 2019, 122, 678–692. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tezer, A.; Bodur, H.O. The greenconsumption effect: How using green products improves consumption experience. J. Consum. Res. 2020, 14, 25–39. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Seo, E.J.; Park, J.W.; Choi, Y.J. The effect of social media usage characteristics on e-WOM, trust, and brand equity: Focusing on users of airline social media. Sustainability 2020, 12, 1691. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Hwang, J.; Lee, J.S.; Kim, H. Perceived innovativeness of drone food delivery services and its impacts on attitude and behavioral intentions: The moderating role of gender and age. Int. J. Hosp. Manag. 2019, 81, 94–103. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dreyer, B.C.; Coulombe, S.; Whitney, S.; Riemer, M.; Labbé, D. Beyond Exposure to Outdoor Nature: Exploration of the Benefits of a Green Building’s Indoor Environment on Wellbeing. Front. Psychol. 2018, 9, 1583. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Oliveira-Castro, J.M. Behavior Analysis and Psychological Concepts: Commentary on Foxall’s Intentional Behaviorism. In Contemporary Behaviorisms in Debate; Zilio, D., Carrara, K., Eds.; Springer: Cham, Switzerland, 2021. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Uyaroğlu, İ.D. A Performance Evaluation Tool for Inclusiveness in University Campus Outdoor Spaces. Megaron 2021, 16, 197–211. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Horng, J.S.; Hsu, H. A holistic aesthetic experience model: Creating a harmonious dining environment to increase customers’ perceived pleasure. J. Hosp. Tour. Manag. 2020, 45, 520–534. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kang, J. Identifying antecedents and consequences of well-being: The case of cruise passengers. Tour. Manag. Perspect. 2020, 33, 100609. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Alexander, B.; Cano, M.B. Futurising the Physical Store in the Omnichannel Retail Environment. In Exploring Omnichannel Retailing; Piotrowicz, W., Cuthbertson, R., Eds.; Springer: Cham, Switzerland, 2019. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cho, J.Y.; Lee, E.J. Impact of interior colors in retail store atmosphere on consumers’ perceived store luxury, emotions, and preference. Cloth. Text. Res. J. 2017, 35, 33–48. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Dewaele, J.M.; MacIntyre, P. The predictive power of multicultural personality traits, learner and teacher variables on foreign language enjoyment and anxiety. In Evidence-Based Second Language Pedagogy; Routledge: London, UK, 2019. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Stebbins, R.A. Leisure and the positive psychological states. J. Posit. Psychol. 2018, 13, 8–17. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xu, H.; Yuan, M.; Li, J. Exploring the relationship between cycling motivation, leisure benefits and well-being. Int. Rev. Spat. Plan. Sustain. Dev. 2019, 7, 157–171. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Gadziński, J. Perspectives of the use of smartphones in travel behaviour studies: Findings from a literature review and a pilot study. Transp. Res. Part C Emerg. Technol. 2018, 88, 74–86. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dai, Y.D.; Huang, F.H.; Chen, K.Y.; Chen, W.J.; Huan, T.C. Recreational scuba diving as a special form of tourism: Lessons from Taiwan. Tour. Rev. 2021. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Quoquab, F.; Mohammad, J.; Sobri, A.M.M. Psychological engagement drives brand loyalty: Evidence from Malaysian ecotourism destinations. J. Prod. Brand Manag. 2020, 30, 132–147. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sato, M.; Jordan, J.S.; Funk, D.C.; Sachs, M.L. Running involvement and life satisfaction: The role of personality. J. Leis. Res. 2018, 49, 28–45. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gu, Q.; Zhang, H.Q.; King, B.; Huang, S. Wine tourism involvement: A segmentation of Chinese tourists. J. Travel Tour. Mark. 2018, 35, 633–648. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zheng, M.Y.; Chen, C.C.; Lin, H.H.; Tseng, C.H.; Hsu, C.H. Research on the Impact of Popular Tourism Program Involvement on Rural Tourism Image, Familiarity, Motivation and Willingness. Sustainability 2021, 13, 4906. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Erem, Ö. Revealing recreational settlement image from tourist sketch maps: A mediterranean holiday village. Asia Pac. J. Tour. Res. 2021, 26, 685–701. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ellis, G.D.; Jiang, J.; Freeman, P.A.; Lacanienta, A.; Jamal, T. Freeman, Andrew Lacanienta & Tazim Jamal. Leisure as immediate conscious experience: Foundations, evaluation, and extension of the theory of structured experiences. J. Leis. Res. 2020, 51, 581–600. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhou, B.; Zhang, Y.; Dong, E.; Ryan, C.; Li, P. Leisure satisfaction and quality of life of residents in Ningbo, China. J. Leis. Res. 2021, 52, 429–486. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Han, S.; Yoon, J. Cultural intelligence on perceived value and satisfaction of ethnic minority groups’ restaurant experiences in Korea. J. Tour. Cult. Chang. 2020, 18, 310–332. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yu, J.H.; Lin, H.H.; Lo, Y.C.; Tseng, K.C.; Hsu, C.H. Is the Travel Bubble under COVID-19 a Feasible Idea or Not? Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 5717. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ochieng, P.A. An analysis of the strengths and limitation of qualitative and quantitative research paradigms. Probl. Educ. 21st Century 2009, 13, 13–18. [Google Scholar]
- Galli, A.; Iha, K.; Pires, S.M.; Mancini, M.S.; Alves, A.; Zokai, G.; Lin, D.; Murthy, A.; Wackernagelb, M. Assessing the ecological footprint and biocapacity of Portuguese cities: Critical results for environmental awareness and local management. Cities 2020, 96, 102442. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Berry, N.; Lobban, F.; Bucci, S. A qualitative exploration of service user views about using digital health interventions for self-management in severe mental health problems. BMC Psychiatry 2019, 19, 35. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Gursoy, D.; Jurowski, C.; Uysal, M. Resident Attitudes: A structural modeling approach. Ann. Tour. Res. 2002, 20, 79–105. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Strauss & Corbin. Basics of Qualitative Research: Grounded Theory Procedures and Techniques; Sage: Newbury Park, CA, USA, 1990. [Google Scholar]
- Janesick, V.J. The choreography of qualitative research design: Minuets, improvisations, and crystallization. In Handbook of Qualitative Research; Denzin, N.K., Lincoln, Y.S., Eds.; Sage: Thousand Oak, CA, USA, 2000; pp. 379–399. [Google Scholar]
- Gordon, T.J. The delphi method. Futures Res. Methodol. 1994, 3, 1–31. Available online: https://millennium-project.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/04-Delphi.pdf (accessed on 8 March 2022).
- Ajzen, I. The Theory of Planned Behavior. Organ. Behav. Human Decis. Process. 1991, 50, 179–211. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nunnally, J.C. Psychometric Theory, 2nd ed.; McGraw-Hill: New York, NY, USA, 1978. [Google Scholar]
- Bower, I.; Tucker, R.; Enticott, P.G. Impact of built environment design on emotion measured via neurophysiological correlates and subjective indicators: A systematic review. J. Environ. Psychol. 2019, 66, 101344. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Identity | Gender | Age or Years of Employment | Identity | Gender | Age or Years of Employment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Information software | Male | 15 | Student | Male | 2 |
Tourism analysis | Female | 28 | Student | Female | 3 |
Decision analysis | Male | 22 | Student | Female | 4 |
Construct | Issues | ||||
Impact of tourism development | 1. Please comment, how do you feel after using the urban smart travel transportation APP system? 2. Please evaluate college students’ use of the urban smart tourism transportation APP system to engage in tourism activities. What are the main reasons for their tourism involvement? Will it affect people’s willingness to participate in tourism activities? Please explain why. 3. Please comment on the use of the urban smart tourism transportation APP system by college students to engage in tourism activities? Please explain why. 4. Please comment on whether you are willing to use the urban smart tourism transportation APP system to engage in tourism activities? And what is hindering you? |
Facets | Subfactors | Issues |
---|---|---|
Gender | male, female | |
Software Type Options | electric bicycles, taxis, subways, high-speed trains, and airplanes | |
Frequency Options | rarely, occasionally, and often | |
Facility and Environmental Experience Value | Aesthetic experience | the goods are comfortable, the design is creative, the consumer experience is happy, there is a desire to use other products, there is a need to improve social identity, there is a need to represent personal characteristics |
software system quality | navigation is clear, the system is stable, the information is clear, the information is reliable, online instructions, the system communication is smooth | |
product experience value | it is great value for money, the description is detailed, the service experience is good, the choice is accurate | |
Tourism Involvement | Attractivity | Important and dependent, very satisfying and fun |
Centrality | The tool is used to engage in tourism activities, take a big part in life, play an important role, topics for discussion and chats | |
Self-expression | Friends also choose the same product, express one’s own characteristics, normal natural behavior | |
Travel Satisfaction | Physiological factors | Heavy activity, like to engage in activities |
Psychological factors | Physically challenging, physical recovery | |
Educational factors | Broaden horizons, learn new things through others | |
Social factors | Meet new friends, develop friendly relationships | |
Relaxation | Make me feel relaxed, stabilize my mood | |
Aesthetics | Open and safe, well-planned | |
Happiness | Continuous consumption, share experience, recommend friends and relatives |
Facets | Subfactors | Issues | M | SD | Rank | Gender | Software Type | Usage Frequency | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Male | Female | p-Value | Electric Bicycle | Taxi | Subway | High-Speed Rail | Airplane | p-Value | Post Hoc | Occasionally | Frequently | p-Value | ||||||
Facility and Environmental Experience Value | Aesthetic Experience | The goods are comfortable | 3.97 | 0.753 | 4 | 3.97 | 3.97 | 0.031 | 4.15 | 3.80 | 4.11 | 3.50 | 3.00 | 0.000 * | N.A | 3.25 | 4.03 | 0.021 |
The design is creative | 3.98 | 0.810 | 3 | 4.06 | 3.93 | 0.929 | 4.14 | 3.83 | 4.56 | 3.00 | 2.91 | 0.000 * | N.A | 2.97 | 4.05 | 0.000 * | ||
The consumer experience is happy | 4.03 | 0.789 | 2 | 3.97 | 4.06 | 0.006 | 4.18 | 3.88 | 4.56 | 2.50 | 3.64 | 0.000 * | Subway > electric bicycle, Taxi, High-speed rail, Airplane | 3.14 | 4.10 | 0.085 | ||
Want to use other products | 4.04 | 0.790 | 1 | 4.09 | 4.01 | 0.002 | 4.18 | 3.89 | 4.44 | 3.00 | 3.55 | 0.000 * | Subway > electric bicycle, Taxi, High-speed rail | 3.33 | 4.09 | 0.000 * | ||
Improving social identity | 3.92 | 0.889 | 5 | 3.98 | 3.88 | 0.010 | 4.14 | 3.70 | 4.11 | 3.50 | 2.55 | 0.000 * | Subway > electric bicycle, Taxi, Airplane | 3.03 | 3.98 | 0.003 | ||
Representing personal characteristics | 3.72 | 1.01 | 6 | 3.86 | 3.64 | 0.037 | 3.93 | 3.52 | 4.11 | 2.50 | 2.36 | 0.000 * | N.A | 2.44 | 3.81 | 0.446 | ||
Software System Quality | Navigation is clear | 3.92 | 0.793 | 5 | 4.03 | 3.85 | 0.487 | 4.09 | 3.68 | 4.56 | 3.50 | 3.82 | 0.000 * | Subway > electric bicycle, Taxi | 3.33 | 3.96 | 0.827 | |
System is stable | 4.05 | 0.754 | 2 | 4.12 | 4.02 | 0.192 | 4.13 | 3.97 | 4.00 | 4.00 | 3.73 | 0.111 | N.A | 3.42 | 4.10 | 0.394 | ||
Information is clear | 4.06 | 0.713 | 1 | 4.11 | 4.04 | 0.268 | 4.18 | 3.92 | 4.00 | 4.00 | 3.91 | 0.002 | N.A | 3.53 | 4.10 | 0.166 | ||
Information is reliable | 4.04 | 0.734 | 3 | 4.09 | 4.01 | 0.093 | 4.16 | 3.93 | 4.00 | 3.50 | 3.73 | 0.001 * | N.A | 3.42 | 4.09 | 0.206 | ||
Online instructions | 4.05 | 0.742 | 2 | 4.10 | 4.01 | 0.019 | 4.17 | 3.90 | 4.00 | 3.50 | 4.00 | 0.000 * | N.A | 3.42 | 4.09 | 0.154 | ||
System communication is smooth | 4.00 | 0.808 | 4 | 4.02 | 3.99 | 0.102 | 4.14 | 3.80 | 4.00 | 3.50 | 4.55 | 0.000 * | N.A | 3.50 | 4.03 | 0.013 | ||
Product Experience Value | The value is great for money | 3.99 | 0.816 | 4 | 4.06 | 3.95 | 0.000 * | 4.08 | 3.83 | 4.56 | 3.50 | 4.45 | 0.000 * | electric bicycle > Taxi | 3.47 | 4.03 | 0.011 | |
The description is detailed | 4.05 | 0.840 | 1 | 3.97 | 4.10 | 0.142 | 4.18 | 3.92 | 4.56 | 3.00 | 3.91 | 0.000 * | Subway > electric bicycle, Taxi, High-speed rail | 3.39 | 4.10 | 0.052 | ||
The service experience is good | 4.04 | 0.786 | 2 | 4.09 | 4.02 | 0.023 | 4.17 | 3.89 | 4.56 | 3.00 | 3.82 | 0.000 * | N.A | 3.17 | 4.11 | 0.158 | ||
The choose is accurate | 4.03 | 0.806 | 3 | 3.99 | 4.05 | 0.349 | 4.13 | 3.89 | 4.56 | 2.50 | 4.64 | 0.000 * | Airplane > electric bicycle, taxi, subway, high-speed rail | 3.50 | 4.06 | 0.000 * | ||
Tourism Involvement | Attractivity | Important and dependent | 3.97 | 0.909 | 2 | 4.13 | 3.88 | 0.008 | 4.15 | 3.71 | 5.00 | 4.00 | 4.27 | 0.000 * | N.A | 3.47 | 4.00 | 0.009 |
Very satisfying and fun | 4.07 | 0.811 | 1 | 4.15 | 4.03 | 0.129 | 4.22 | 3.83 | 5.00 | 3.50 | 4.18 | 0.000 * | N.A | 3.81 | 4.09 | 0.000 * | ||
Centrality | Like to use this tool to engage in tourism activities | 4.10 | 0.813 | 1 | 4.14 | 4.08 | 0.467 | 4.23 | 3.89 | 5.00 | 3.00 | 4.55 | 0.000 * | N.A | 3.72 | 4.13 | 0.000 * | |
Take a big part in life | 3.86 | 0.995 | 4 | 4.08 | 3.75 | 0.000 * | 4.14 | 3.50 | 5.00 | 3.00 | 3.55 | 0.000 * | N.A | 3.00 | 3.93 | 0.003 | ||
Play an important role | 3.94 | 0.924 | 3 | 4.10 | 3.85 | 0.000 * | 4.16 | 3.64 | 4.56 | 2.50 | 4.27 | 0.000 * | N.A | 3.22 | 3.99 | 0.034 | ||
Topics for discussion and chats | 4.01 | 0.933 | 2 | 4.08 | 3.98 | 0.000 * | 4.19 | 3.77 | 4.56 | 2.50 | 4.64 | 0.000 * | N.A | 3.75 | 4.03 | 0.028 | ||
Self-expression | Friends also choose the same product | 4.00 | 0.939 | 2 | 4.03 | 3.99 | 0.140 | 4.23 | 3.74 | 4.11 | 2.50 | 4.09 | 0.000 * | N.A | 2.81 | 4.09 | 0.000 * | |
Express one’s own characteristics | 3.88 | 0.899 | 3 | 4.05 | 3.79 | 0.000 * | 4.11 | 3.57 | 4.56 | 2.50 | 4.55 | 0.000 * | Subway > electric bicycle, taxi, high-speed rail, airplane | 3.39 | 3.92 | 0.008 | ||
Normal natural behavior | 4.03 | 0.845 | 1 | 4.07 | 4.01 | 0.645 | 4.19 | 3.88 | 4.56 | 3.63 | 3.55 | 0.000 * | N.A | 2.86 | 4.12 | 0.000 * | ||
Travel Satisfaction | Physiological factors | Heavy activity | 3.97 | 0.909 | 4 | 3.67 | 3.70 | 0.316 | 3.69 | 3.68 | 4.11 | 3.38 | 3.73 | 0.862 | N.A | 3.58 | 3.70 | 0.554 |
Like to engage in activities | 4.07 | 0.811 | 1 | 3.81 | 3.75 | 0.328 | 3.83 | 3.70 | 4.22 | 3.50 | 3.64 | 0.365 | N.A | 3.64 | 3.78 | 0.731 | ||
Psychological factors | Physically challenging | 3.69 | 1.135 | 2 | 3.85 | 3.86 | 0.926 | 3.93 | 3.76 | 4.11 | 3.50 | 4.00 | 0.346 | N.A | 3.81 | 3.86 | 0.811 | |
Physical recovery | 3.77 | 1.111 | 1 | 3.91 | 3.92 | 0.898 | 3.87 | 3.96 | 4.33 | 3.88 | 4.09 | 0.421 | N.A | 3.89 | 3.91 | 0.607 | ||
Educational factors | Broaden horizons | 3.86 | 1.096 | 2 | 3.85 | 3.76 | 0.135 | 3.78 | 3.78 | 4.44 | 3.75 | 3.73 | 0.407 | N.A | 3.86 | 3.79 | 0.362 | |
Learn new things through others | 3.91 | 1.042 | 1 | 3.95 | 3.90 | 0.073 | 3.91 | 3.91 | 4.33 | 4.63 | 4.00 | 0.799 | N.A | 3.97 | 3.91 | 0.752 | ||
Social factors | Meet new friends | 3.79 | 1.003 | 2 | 3.87 | 3.89 | 0.416 | 3.95 | 3.75 | 4.11 | 4.75 | 4.09 | 0.101 | N.A | 4.08 | 3.87 | 0.271 | |
Develop friendly relationships | 3.92 | 1.068 | 1 | 3.88 | 3.97 | 0.262 | 4.02 | 3.75 | 4.22 | 3.38 | 4.55 | 0.006 | N.A | 4.19 | 3.92 | 0.180 | ||
Relaxation | Make me feel relaxed | 3.88 | 1.164 | 2 | 3.60 | 3.68 | 0.904 | 3.69 | 3.58 | 4.33 | 3.13 | 3.64 | 0.321 | N.A | 3.61 | 3.66 | 0.795 | |
Stabilize my mood | 3.94 | 1.158 | 1 | 3.73 | 3.76 | 0.527 | 3.79 | 3.70 | 4.33 | 3.38 | 3.82 | 0.212 | N.A | 3.58 | 3.76 | 0.024 | ||
Aesthetics | Open and safe | 3.65 | 1.172 | 2 | 3.85 | 3.83 | 0.072 | 3.85 | 3.84 | 4.22 | 3.63 | 3.55 | 0.428 | N.A | 3.47 | 3.86 | 0.993 | |
Well-planned | 3.75 | 1.116 | 1 | 3.85 | 3.76 | 0.457 | 3.85 | 3.70 | 4.33 | 2.50 | 3.73 | 0.330 | N.A | 3.72 | 3.80 | 0.928 | ||
Happiness | Continuous consumption | 4.06 | 0.812 | 3 | 4.08 | 4.06 | 0.438 | 4.27 | 3.86 | 4.11 | 3.00 | 3.55 | 0.000 * | Electric bicycle > taxi, subway, high-speed rail | 3.03 | 4.14 | 0.994 | |
Share experience | 4.08 | 0.794 | 2 | 4.08 | 4.09 | 0.357 | 4.26 | 3.89 | 4.56 | 3.00 | 3.82 | 0.000 * | Subway > electric bicycle, taxi, high-speed rail | 3.28 | 4.14 | 0.007 | ||
Recommend Friends and relatives | 4.14 | 0.870 | 1 | 4.11 | 4.16 | 0.004 | 4.28 | 3.98 | 4.56 | 3.00 | 4.18 | 0.000 * | N.A | 3.22 | 4.21 | 0.000 * |
Aesthetic Experience | Information System Quality | Product Experience | Experience Value (Overall) | Attractive | Centrality | Self-Expression | Tourism Involvement (Overall) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Continuous Consumption | 0.673 ** | 0.803 ** | 0.848 ** | 0.833 ** | 0.673 ** | 0.707 ** | 0.779 ** | 0.923 ** |
Share experience | 0.731 ** | 0.756 ** | 0.760 ** | 0.793 ** | 0.707 ** | 0.756 ** | 0.640 ** | 0.866 ** |
Recommend friends and relatives | 0.619 ** | 0.700 ** | 0.838 ** | 0.770 ** | 0.779 ** | 0.640 ** | 0.838 ** | 0.904 ** |
Willingness to consume (overall) | 0.749 ** | 0.837 ** | 0.909 ** | 0.889 ** | 0.923 ** | 0.866 ** | 0.904 ** | 0.889 ** |
Physiological Factors | Psychological Factors | Educational Factors | Social Factors | Relaxation | Aesthetics | Tourist Satisfaction (Overall) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Continuous Consumption | −0.023 | −0.044 | −0.018 | 0.092 * | −0.045 | −0.021 | −0.010 |
Share Experience | 0.076 | 0.042 | 0.037 | 0.149 ** | 0.051 | 0.058 | 0.082 |
Recommend Friends and Relatives | −0.022 | −0.041 | −0.029 | 0.031 | −0.038 | −0.012 | −0.021 |
Willingness to Consume (Overall) | 0.011 | −0.017 | −0.005 | 0.099* | −0.013 | 0.008 | 0.017 |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Lin, H.-H.; Hsu, I.-C.; Lin, T.-Y.; Tung, L.-M.; Ling, Y. After the Epidemic, Is the Smart Traffic Management System a Key Factor in Creating a Green Leisure and Tourism Environment in the Move towards Sustainable Urban Development? Sustainability 2022, 14, 3762. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14073762
Lin H-H, Hsu I-C, Lin T-Y, Tung L-M, Ling Y. After the Epidemic, Is the Smart Traffic Management System a Key Factor in Creating a Green Leisure and Tourism Environment in the Move towards Sustainable Urban Development? Sustainability. 2022; 14(7):3762. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14073762
Chicago/Turabian StyleLin, Hsiao-Hsien, I-Cheng Hsu, Tzu-Yun Lin, Le-Ming Tung, and Ying Ling. 2022. "After the Epidemic, Is the Smart Traffic Management System a Key Factor in Creating a Green Leisure and Tourism Environment in the Move towards Sustainable Urban Development?" Sustainability 14, no. 7: 3762. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14073762