Marble Dust Effect on the Air Quality: An Environmental Assessment Approach
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methodology
Spectrophotometer
3. Results and Discussion
4. Conclusions
5. Limitations
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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S. No | Reason of Deaths | Number of Deaths (Million) | Source |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Polluted air | 6.4 | [7,8] |
2 | Household air pollution | 2.8 | |
3 | Ambient air pollution | 4.2 | |
4 | Tobacco | 7.0 | [9] |
5 | Acute immunity deficiency syndrome (AIDS) | 1.2 | |
6 | Tuberculosis | 1.1 | |
7 | Malaria | 0.7 |
S. No | Chemical Compounds | Percentage of Marble Dust |
---|---|---|
1 | Calcium carbonate | 94.30 |
2 | Lime | 50.10 |
3 | Alumina | 1.38 |
4 | Silica | 1.28 |
5 | Magnesia | 1.72 |
6 | Iron oxide | 0.54 |
7 | Sulphur trioxide | 0.21 |
8 | Alkaline | 0.29 |
9 | Loss of ignition | 0.39 |
Rank | Country | 2020 Emission (µg/m3) | 2019 Emission (µg/m3) | Population (2020) |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Bangladesh | 77.10 | 83.30 | 164,689,383 |
2 | Pakistan | 59.00 | 65.80 | 220,892,331 |
3 | India | 51.90 | 58.10 | 1,380,004,385 |
4 | Mongolia | 46.60 | 62.00 | 3,278,292 |
5 | Afghanistan | 46.50 | 58.80 | 38,928,341 |
S. No | Location | Concentration of TSP (µg/m3) | Coordinates | MD/NMD | WHO Guidelines |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Mattani Kohat Road | 2 | N: 33.832953° E:71.565458° | NMD | 120 µg/m3 |
2 | Jalozai | 26 | N: 33.914888° E: 71.815810° | NMD | |
3 | Darmangi Warsak Road | 626 | N: 34.0484206° E: 71.5205146° | MD | |
4 | Malagori | 5321 | N 34.135703° E71.403719° | MD |
Description | Mattani µg/m3 (NMD) | Jalozai µg/m3 (NMD) | Darmangi µg/m3 (MD) | Malagori µg/m3 (MD) | WHO Guidelines µg/m3 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Concentration of PM2.5 (µg/m3) | 33 | 42 | 189 | 195 | 25 |
Concentration of PM10 (µg/m3) | 109 | 214 | 620 | 730 | 50 |
PM2.5/PM10 | Absorbance | Transmittance | Wavelength (nm) |
---|---|---|---|
NO | 0.230 | 14.2 | 380 |
Cu | 0.365 | 7.4 | 405 |
Zn | 0.415 | 5.0 | 430 |
SO2 | 1.130 | 6.8 | 530 |
Mg | 1.320 | 10.7 | 580 |
Al | 1.590 | 5.4 | 630 |
Fe | 1.800 | 2.7 | 655 |
Ca | 2.130 | 19.6 | 680 |
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Iqbal, Q.; Musarat, M.A.; Ullah, N.; Alaloul, W.S.; Rabbani, M.B.A.; Al Madhoun, W.; Iqbal, S. Marble Dust Effect on the Air Quality: An Environmental Assessment Approach. Sustainability 2022, 14, 3831. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14073831
Iqbal Q, Musarat MA, Ullah N, Alaloul WS, Rabbani MBA, Al Madhoun W, Iqbal S. Marble Dust Effect on the Air Quality: An Environmental Assessment Approach. Sustainability. 2022; 14(7):3831. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14073831
Chicago/Turabian StyleIqbal, Qaiser, Muhammad Ali Musarat, Najeeb Ullah, Wesam Salah Alaloul, Muhammad Babar Ali Rabbani, Wesam Al Madhoun, and Shahid Iqbal. 2022. "Marble Dust Effect on the Air Quality: An Environmental Assessment Approach" Sustainability 14, no. 7: 3831. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14073831