Changes in Mangrove Carbon Stocks and Exposure to Sea Level Rise (SLR) under Future Climate Scenarios
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Mangrove Data
2.2. Data for Predictors
2.3. Data Analysis for Quantifying Biomass Variation under the Different Scenarios
2.4. Sea Level Rises (SLR) under Future Climate Scenarios
3. Results
3.1. Modelling Mangrove AGC Variation under the Present and Future Climate Scenarios
3.2. Modelling Mangrove BGC Stocks under the Present and Future Climate Scenarios
3.3. Modelling Mangrove SOC Stocks under the Present and Future Climate Scenarios
3.4. Modelling Mangrove Total Carbon Stocks under the Present and Future Climate Scenarios
3.5. Modelling Mangrove Sea-Level Rise Exposure under the Present and Future Climate Scenarios
4. Discussion
4.1. Drivers of Blue Carbon Stocks
4.2. Conservation Implications
5. Conclusions and Recommendations
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Realm | Province | Ecoregion |
---|---|---|
Central Indo-Pacific | Eastern Coral Triangle | Bismarck Sea |
Solomon Archipelago | ||
Solomon Sea | ||
Southeast Papua New Guinea | ||
Java Transitional | Southern Java | |
Northern Australian Shelf | Central and Southern Great Barrier Reef | |
Torres Strait Northern Great Barrier Reef | ||
Northwest Australian Shelf | Exmouth to Broome | |
Ningaloo | ||
Sahul Shelf | Arafura Sea | |
Arnhem Coast to Gulf of Carpenteria | ||
Bonaparte Coast | ||
Gulf of Papua | ||
South China Sea | Gulf of Tonkin | |
Southern China | ||
South Kuroshio | South Kuroshio | |
Sunda Shelf | Gulf of Thailand | |
Malacca Strait | ||
Southern Vietnam | ||
Sunda Shelf/Java Sea | ||
Tropical Southwestern Pacific | Fiji Islands | |
New Caledonia | ||
Tonga Islands | ||
Vanuatu | ||
Western Coral Triangle | Banda Sea | |
Eastern Philippines | ||
Halmahera | ||
Lesser Sunda | ||
Northeast Sulawesi | ||
Palawan/North Borneo | ||
Papua | ||
Sulawesi Sea/Makassar Strait | ||
Eastern Indo-Pacific | Central Polynesia | Samoa Islands |
Hawaii | Hawaii | |
Temperate Australasia | East Central Australian Shelf | Manning-Hawkesbury |
Tweed-Moreton | ||
Northern New Zealand | Northeastern New Zealand | |
Southeast Australian Shelf | Bassian | |
Cape Howe | ||
Southwest Australian Shelf | Great Australian Bight | |
South Australian Gulfs | ||
West Central Australian Shelf | Shark Bay | |
Temperate Northern Atlantic | Warm Temperate Northwest Atlantic | Carolinian |
Northern Gulf of Mexico | ||
Temperate Northern Pacific | Warm Temperate Northeast Pacific | Cortezian |
Magdalena Transition | ||
Southern California Bight | ||
Warm Temperate Northwest Pacific | Central Kuroshio Current | |
East China Sea | ||
Temperate South America | Warm Temperate Southeastern Pacific | Central Peru |
Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic | Southeastern Brazil | |
Temperate Southern Africa | Agulhas | Natal |
Tropical Atlantic | Gulf of Guinea | Angolan |
Gulf of Guinea Central | ||
Gulf of Guinea South | ||
Gulf of Guinea Upwelling | ||
Gulf of Guinea West | ||
North Brazil Shelf | Amazonia | |
Guianan | ||
Tropical Northwestern Atlantic | Bahamian | |
Eastern Caribbean | ||
Floridian | ||
Greater Antilles | ||
Southern Caribbean | ||
Southern Gulf of Mexico | ||
Southwestern Caribbean | ||
Western Caribbean | ||
Tropical Southwestern Atlantic | Eastern Brazil | |
Northeastern Brazil | ||
West African Transition | Sahelian Upwelling | |
Tropical Eastern Pacific | Galapagos | Eastern Galapagos Islands |
Western Galapagos Islands | ||
Tropical East Pacific | Chiapas-Nicaragua | |
Guayaquil | ||
Mexican Tropical Pacific | ||
Nicoya | ||
Panama Bight | ||
Western Indo-Pacific | Andaman | Andaman and Nicobar Islands |
Andaman Sea Coral Coast | ||
Western Sumatra | ||
Bay of Bengal | Eastern India | |
Northern Bay of Bengal | ||
Red Sea and Gulf of Aden | Gulf of Aden | |
Northern and Central Red Sea | ||
Southern Red Sea | ||
Somali/Arabian | Arabian (Persian) Gulf | |
Gulf of Oman | ||
Western Arabian Sea | ||
West and South Indian Shelf | South India and Sri Lanka | |
Western India | ||
Western Indian Ocean | Bight of Sofala/Swamp Coast | |
Delagoa | ||
East African Coral Coast | ||
Northern Monsoon Current Coast | ||
Western and Northern Madagascar |
Variable Categories | Variables |
---|---|
Bioclimatic variables | Annual temperature (BIO1), temperature seasonality (BIO4), annual precipitation (BIO12), and precipitation seasonality (BIO15) |
Species | Mangrove species richness |
Topography | Elevation, soil erosion by water |
Ecoregions | Countries |
---|---|
Gulf of Papua | Oceania (Papua New Guinea) |
Vanuatu | Oceania (Vanuatu) |
Palawan/North Borneo | SE Asia (Borneo and the Palawan Islands, Philippines) |
Papua | Oceania (Papua New Guinea) |
Central Kuroshio Current | East Asia (Japan) |
Angolan | SW Africa (Angola) |
Gulf of Guinea West | NW Africa |
Amazonia | South America (Brazil) |
Guianan | South America (French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname) |
Northeastern Brazil | South America (Brazil) |
Andaman and Nicobar Islands | South Asia (Southeastern India) |
Andaman Sea Coral Coast | SE Asia (Thailand) |
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Singh, M.; Schwendenmann, L.; Wang, G.; Adame, M.F.; Mandlate, L.J.C. Changes in Mangrove Carbon Stocks and Exposure to Sea Level Rise (SLR) under Future Climate Scenarios. Sustainability 2022, 14, 3873. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14073873
Singh M, Schwendenmann L, Wang G, Adame MF, Mandlate LJC. Changes in Mangrove Carbon Stocks and Exposure to Sea Level Rise (SLR) under Future Climate Scenarios. Sustainability. 2022; 14(7):3873. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14073873
Chicago/Turabian StyleSingh, Minerva, Luitgard Schwendenmann, Gang Wang, Maria Fernanda Adame, and Luís Junior Comissario Mandlate. 2022. "Changes in Mangrove Carbon Stocks and Exposure to Sea Level Rise (SLR) under Future Climate Scenarios" Sustainability 14, no. 7: 3873. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14073873