Compliance with Building Energy Code for the Residential Sector in Egyptian Hot-Arid Climate: Potential Impact, Difficulties, and Further Improvements
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methodology
2.1. Case Study Selection and Simulation Scenarios
2.2. Comfort Model Selection
3. Building Energy Model
3.1. Energy Model Description and Calibration
3.2. Verifying Building Envelope Compatibility with EREC Requirements
3.3. Energy Efficiency Measures (EEMs)
3.3.1. Energy Efficiency Measures for Building Envelope Enhancement
3.3.2. Efficient Lighting System and HVAC Cooling Set-Point
3.3.3. Solar Photovoltaic Panels
3.4. Building Energy Simulation Scenarios
3.4.1. Building Envelope and Operational Energy-Saving Scenarios
3.4.2. nZEB Energy-Saving Scenario
4. Results
4.1. Simulation Results
4.2. Thermal Comfort Evaluation
5. Conclusions and Recommendations
- Egyptian residential energy code enforcement in all buildings, either new or existing. In addition, new code updates should provide clear retrofit guidance.
- Establishing a training program for those responsible for activating the energy efficiency code in buildings, as well as those responsible for implementation and control.
- Develop a guideline that conveys, to end-users, the technical data of the available energy-efficient measures in the Egyptian market, as well as their applications and effect on energy savings and thermal comfort levels.
- Develop an economic analysis for each energy-efficient measure, alongside the developed guideline. The economic analysis includes the initial costs and payback periods, in order to highlight the financial benefits to end-users. Furthermore, the economic analysis can assist in classifying the retrofit applications to different categories of end-users (e.g., high, medium, and low-income end-users), which can help in developing more realistic investment plans.
- Use the guideline and economic analysis to offer new investment measures, in order to facilitate and encourage the end-users of the private sector to invest in the retrofit of existing buildings. These measures would include providing governmental funding plans that facilitate grants and bank loans for buildings retrofit.
- Developing awareness campaigns, regarding the importance of activating the energy efficiency code in buildings for all sectors, either public or private.
- Starting a plan for applying retrofit to all governmental existing buildings in Egypt, following the European paradigm, in order to help reduce energy consumption and provide a leading example for the private sector.
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Model Input Measures | ||
---|---|---|
Building Envelope | The Window to Wall ratio (WWR), in % | 45 (N), 35 (S) |
Windows U-value, in W/(m2.K) | U = 6.25 | |
Shading coefficient for glass (SC) | 0.70 | |
Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC) | 0.75 | |
Overhangs, projection factor (PF), for E, W, and S | 0 | |
Shading glass ratio (SGR) (blind/screen) | 0 | |
Exterior Wall U-value, in W/(m2.K) | U = 2.50 | |
Roof U-value, in W/(m2.K) | U = 1.39 | |
Air Conditioning | Coefficient of Performance (COP) | 2.00 |
Energy Efficiency Ratio (EER) | 6.8 | |
Temperature cooling set point, in (°C) | 24 | |
Relative humidity set-point, in (%) | 60 | |
Lighting | Installation power density, in (W/m2), living rooms | 17 |
Installation power density, in (W/m2), bedrooms | 13 | |
Installation power density, in (W/m2), other | 9 | |
Plug loads | Average installation power density, in (W/m2) | 6 |
Occupancy Density | Five people per apartment | |
Activity (metabolic rate) | Metabolism level | 0.9 |
Clothing | Summer clothing (clo) | 0.5 |
Winter clothing (clo) | 1.0 | |
HVAC systems Schedules | Living rooms(Summer Season 1 June–30 August) | Operating 17:00 to 23:00 |
Living rooms(Ramadan Season 31 August–29 September) | Operating 15:00 to 23:00 | |
Bedrooms(Summer and Ramadan Season) | Operating 23:00 to 5:00 | |
Occupancy Schedules | Figure 5 shows the occupancy percentages | |
Lighting Schedules | Figure 6 shows the operating hours of the lighting system |
Orientation | External Surface Absorptivity (α) | Required Min. R-Values for Insulated External Walls | Max. Solar Heat Gain Coefficient Values | Min. Shaded Glass Ratio | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cairo and Delta Zone | Assembly Min. R-Value | Min. R-Value Insulation | WWR % | |||||||||||
(m2 °C/W) | <10 | 10–20 | 20–30 | >30 | <10 | 10–20 | 20–30 | >30 | ||||||
(m2 °C/W) | 0.40 | 0.60 | 0.80 | SHGC | SGR | |||||||||
Roof | 0.7 | 2.7 | 2.7 | 2.3 | 2.1 | |||||||||
Wall | N | 0.38 | 0.70 | 0.30 | NR | NR | NR | NR | 0.71 | 0.67 | NR | NR | 60% | 70% |
0.50 | 0.74 | 0.34 | 0.14 | NR | ||||||||||
0.70 | 0.82 | 0.42 | 0.22 | NR | ||||||||||
NE/NW | 0.38 | 0.89 | 0.49 | 0.29 | NR | 0.65 | 0.50 | 0.45 | 0.35 | 60% | 80% | 90% | 90% | |
0.50 | 1.00 | 0.60 | 0.40 | 0.20 | ||||||||||
0.70 | 1.18 | 0.78 | 0.58 | 0.38 | ||||||||||
E/W | 0.38 | 1.07 | 0.67 | 0.47 | 0.27 | 0.50 | 0.40 | 0.35 | 0.27 | 70% | 80% | 90% | 90% | |
0.50 | 1.23 | 0.83 | 0.63 | 0.43 | ||||||||||
0.70 | 1.50 | 1.18 | 0.90 | 0.70 | ||||||||||
SE/SW | 0.38 | 0.97 | 0.57 | 0.37 | 0.17 | 0.50 | 0.40 | 0.35 | 0.27 | 60% | 80% | 90% | 90% | |
0.50 | 1.23 | 0.83 | 0.63 | 0.43 | ||||||||||
0.70 | 1.32 | 0.92 | 0.72 | 0.52 | ||||||||||
S | 0.38 | 0.82 | 0.42 | 0.22 | 0.02 | 0.71 | 0.64 | 0.55 | 0.50 | 60% | 70% | 90% | 90% | |
0.50 | 0.90 | 0.50 | 0.30 | NR | ||||||||||
0.70 | 1.04 | 0.64 | 0.44 | 0.24 |
Insulation Materials Categories | Material Name | Thermal Conductivity (K) (W/m.°C) | Density (kg/m3) |
---|---|---|---|
Loose Fill Insulating Materials | (1) Vermiculite | 0.065 | 1000 |
(2) Perlite | 0.039–0.06 | 32–176 | |
Semi-Rigid Insulating Materials | (1) Cork | 0.039–0.052 | 100–115 |
(2) Wool | |||
(a) Glass wool (b) Rock wool (c) Slag wool | 0.043–0.078 | 72 | |
0.043–0.055 | 72 | ||
0.036–0.058 | 72 | ||
Rigid Insulating Materials | Polystyrene | ||
(a) Expanded Polystyrene (b) Extruded Polystyrene | 0.0343 | 29 | |
0.0289 | 29 | ||
Foamed Insulating Materials | (1) Polyurethane (2) Foamed concrete | 0.026 | NA |
0.1–0.25 | 400–880 |
Summary of All Energy-Saving Scenarios | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ID # | Scenario Description | Electricity Consumption kWh/m2/year | Cooling Consumption kWh/m2/year | Annual Electricity Saving % | Annual Cooling Electricity Saving % | Comment |
Building Envelope & Operational Energy-Saving Scenarios | ||||||
1 | Enhancing the exterior walls’ thermal efficiency | 36.31 | 16.35 | 6.97 | 13.17 | - |
2 | Enhancing the roof thermal efficiency | 38.48 | 18.28 | 1.41 | 2.92 | - |
3 | Glazing replacement and shading devices | 36.32 | 16.12 | 6.93 | 14.36 | - |
4 | Building Envelope enhancement | 32.06 | 12.10 | 17.86 | 35.74 | - |
5 | Lighting enhancement | 32.97 | 17.84 | 15.52 | 5.24 | - |
6 | HVAC temperature control | 36.79 | 16.59 | 5.74 | 11.89 | - |
7 | Building Envelope & Operational (BE&O) retrofit scenario | 24.26 | 9.31 | 37.85 | 50.53 | - |
nZEB Energy-Saving Scenario | ||||||
8 | nZEB Scenario (Solar Photovoltaics-PV installation area = (145 m2) | 100 | 100 | nZEB |
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GamalEldine, M.; Corvacho, H. Compliance with Building Energy Code for the Residential Sector in Egyptian Hot-Arid Climate: Potential Impact, Difficulties, and Further Improvements. Sustainability 2022, 14, 3936. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14073936
GamalEldine M, Corvacho H. Compliance with Building Energy Code for the Residential Sector in Egyptian Hot-Arid Climate: Potential Impact, Difficulties, and Further Improvements. Sustainability. 2022; 14(7):3936. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14073936
Chicago/Turabian StyleGamalEldine, Mennaallah, and Helena Corvacho. 2022. "Compliance with Building Energy Code for the Residential Sector in Egyptian Hot-Arid Climate: Potential Impact, Difficulties, and Further Improvements" Sustainability 14, no. 7: 3936. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14073936
APA StyleGamalEldine, M., & Corvacho, H. (2022). Compliance with Building Energy Code for the Residential Sector in Egyptian Hot-Arid Climate: Potential Impact, Difficulties, and Further Improvements. Sustainability, 14(7), 3936. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14073936