Assessment of Spatial and Temporal Variations in Runoff Potential under Changing Climatic Scenarios in Northern Part of Karnataka in India Using Geospatial Techniques
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Estimation of Runoff Using SCS-CN Method
2.3. Rainfall and Runoff Analysis
2.4. Rainfall and Runoff under Changing Climatic Scenarios
3. Results
3.1. Spatial Variation of Rainfall and Runoff at Northern Dry Zone of Karnataka
3.2. Long-Term Variability of Rainfall and Runoff in Different Sub-Districts
3.3. Variability of Rainfall and Runoff during above Normal, Normal and Drought Years
3.4. Prioritization of Areas for Rainwater Harvesting
3.5. Variability of Rainfall and Runoff under Changing Climatic Scenarios
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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District | Annual Rainfall (mm) |
---|---|
Vijayapura | 534–707 |
Belgavi | 532–1745 |
Bagalkot | 523–648 |
Gadag | 501–1083 |
Koppal | 540–707 |
Bellary | 462–650 |
Davengere | 422–1494 |
Raichur | 469–613 |
Dharwad | 605–810 |
District | Mean Annual Rainfall (mm) | Mean Annual Runoff (% of Rainfall) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1951–1971 | 1972–1992 | 1993–2013 | 1951–1971 | 1972–1992 | 1993–2013 | |
Vijayapura | 627–688 | 605–707 | 534–697 | 6.1–16.7 | 7.1–20.5 | 7.6–18.3 |
Belgavi | 547–1927 | 532–1958 | 537–1748 | 5.4–32.1 | 5.9–30.0 | 5.9–30.1 |
Bagalkot | 528–647 | 553–602 | 523–648 | 6.0–21.4 | 6.0–17.2 | 7.4–18.2 |
Gadag | 625–745 | 501–687 | 519–1083 | 5.3–18.2 | 4.6–16.2 | 6.7–17.0 |
Koppal | 569–707 | 540–707 | 556–646 | 6.0–22.9 | 7.3–22.4 | 8.6–23.8 |
Bellary | 462–650 | 469–648 | 479–645 | 5.8–15.0 | 7.1–16.4 | 8.1–16.5 |
Davengere | 422–675 | 443–952 | 500–1494 | 5.2–19.7 | 7.0–17.0 | 6.7–23.6 |
Raichur | 593–713 | 610–692 | 469–667 | 6.0–20.0 | 7.7–21.5 | 9.2–18.8 |
Dharwad | 616–807 | 605–767 | 648–801 | 5.3–17.4 | 5.1–15.3 | 6.0–17.8 |
Domain Districts | Sub-Districts | Mean Rainfall (Pmean) (mm) and Runoff (Qrange) (% of Rainfall) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Above Normal Year | Normal Year | Drought Year | ||||||||
P mean | Q range | P mean | Q range | P mean | Q range | |||||
Davengere | Honnali | 2150.9 | 21.0 | 32.9 | 865.9 | 7.2 | 13.2 | 531.0 | 5.1 | 9.2 |
Harihar | 895.0 | 14.4 | 22.0 | 591.4 | 12.6 | 18.1 | 413.9 | 8.2 | 13.7 | |
Channagiri | 883.6 | 12.6 | 20.0 | 595.7 | 6.8 | 11.7 | 362.9 | 2.8 | 5.2 | |
Davengere | 722.6 | 11.4 | 19.0 | 467.7 | 10.3 | 16.3 | 246.2 | 7.0 | 12.1 | |
Harpanahalli | 814.4 | 10.7 | 17.8 | 514.4 | 6.2 | 10.8 | 267.2 | 1.6 | 3.2 | |
Jagalur | 678.7 | 12.8 | 20.2 | 463.3 | 7.4 | 12.9 | 230.0 | 5.9 | 10.0 | |
Raichur | Deodurg | 968.6 | 15.2 | 23.6 | 572.6 | 9.6 | 15.9 | 330.1 | 5.6 | 10.1 |
Lingsugur | 800.9 | 11.0 | 19.0 | 524.8 | 7.9 | 13.7 | 313.2 | 3.1 | 7.0 | |
Manvi | 967.4 | 16.7 | 26.0 | 553.2 | 12.3 | 19.7 | 285.3 | 7.0 | 11.6 | |
Raichur | 997.1 | 14.4 | 23.1 | 605.7 | 10.4 | 17.1 | 371.9 | 7.0 | 12.2 | |
Sidhnur | 939.3 | 18.6 | 27.6 | 567.7 | 8.2 | 14.1 | 301.5 | 3.7 | 7.0 | |
Dharwad | Navalgud | 1157.9 | 14.9 | 23.2 | 635.3 | 9.3 | 15.3 | 378.6 | 3.5 | 5.9 |
Dharwad | 1101.5 | 12.4 | 19.8 | 696.3 | 7.1 | 12.5 | 310.5 | 7.2 | 12.6 | |
Hubli | 1238.3 | 22.5 | 32.0 | 612.2 | 9.0 | 15.1 | 391.2 | 4.5 | 7.8 | |
Kundgol | 1216.4 | 12.8 | 20.6 | 667.0 | 5.0 | 9.3 | 393.6 | 2.1 | 4.4 | |
Kalghatti | 1258.2 | 15.4 | 23.1 | 717.1 | 6.4 | 11.6 | 425.1 | 3.4 | 5.6 | |
Bellary | Huvinahadagalli | 791.8 | 10.6 | 17.3 | 556.3 | 7.8 | 13.3 | 324.1 | 1.0 | 2.6 |
Hagaribommanahalli | 893.7 | 15.6 | 23.5 | 594.1 | 9.0 | 14.7 | 332.1 | 3.0 | 6.2 | |
Kudligi | 681.9 | 13.7 | 21.5 | 454.2 | 7.5 | 12.9 | 230.4 | 1.0 | 2.0 | |
Sandur | 864.4 | 14.9 | 23.0 | 606.3 | 6.8 | 11.8 | 310.2 | 0.4 | 1.5 | |
Hospet | 808.8 | 12.3 | 19.6 | 547.5 | 7.4 | 12.9 | 304.8 | 2.9 | 5.9 | |
Bellary | 788.5 | 12.0 | 19.6 | 507.9 | 7.9 | 13.6 | 279.8 | 3.6 | 6.9 | |
Siruguppa | 872.1 | 15.3 | 23.5 | 581.5 | 8.4 | 14.8 | 387.8 | 3.7 | 8.1 | |
Vijayapura | Indi | 869.9 | 13.1 | 21.8 | 590.1 | 9.3 | 15.8 | 283.1 | 2.7 | 4.8 |
Vijayapura | 842.0 | 15.8 | 24.3 | 545.0 | 10.7 | 17.5 | 320.5 | 4.2 | 8.0 | |
Sindgi | 1039.1 | 16.5 | 25.7 | 619.9 | 10.2 | 17.0 | 344.5 | 3.2 | 6.6 | |
B Bagevadi | 898.5 | 15.5 | 23.7 | 571.2 | 9.9 | 16.7 | 358.3 | 3.1 | 6.2 | |
Muddebihal | 886.6 | 11.5 | 19.5 | 540.2 | 7.1 | 12.5 | 336.4 | 3.0 | 6.0 | |
Belgavi | Khanapur | 2646.1 | 28.1 | 40.6 | 1613.0 | 18.2 | 28.7 | 999.7 | 11.7 | 20.5 |
Sampgaon | 1160.7 | 15.4 | 23.8 | 646.3 | 6.6 | 12.0 | 415.0 | 4.1 | 7.5 | |
Belgavi | 1383.5 | 14.9 | 24.1 | 815.5 | 9.2 | 15.6 | 517.6 | 2.6 | 5.4 | |
Parasgad | 1081.6 | 16.2 | 24.2 | 588.2 | 9.3 | 15.3 | 376.4 | 5.9 | 10.0 | |
Ramdurg | 837.6 | 13.2 | 20.8 | 549.3 | 8.6 | 14.3 | 330.4 | 4.1 | 7.3 | |
Hukeri | 1091.4 | 16.5 | 25.6 | 664.2 | 10.8 | 17.4 | 374.5 | 3.4 | 6.0 | |
Gokak | 1091.4 | 11.9 | 19.5 | 629.0 | 5.0 | 9.5 | 356.8 | 1.6 | 3.4 | |
Chikodi | 861.3 | 10.3 | 17.8 | 570.2 | 6.5 | 11.4 | 332.0 | 2.6 | 5.4 | |
Raybag | 752.7 | 12.2 | 19.9 | 490.3 | 7.4 | 12.4 | 277.9 | 6.2 | 9.7 | |
Athni | 764.2 | 15.6 | 23.9 | 520.4 | 7.1 | 12.2 | 318.3 | 4.8 | 9.0 | |
Bagalkote | Jamkhandi | 759.6 | 14.2 | 21.7 | 523.2 | 8.0 | 13.6 | 329.9 | 4.1 | 7.9 |
Mudhol | 783.3 | 10.4 | 18.3 | 518.1 | 5.9 | 11.0 | 307.7 | 0.9 | 2.2 | |
Bilgi | 847.2 | 16.9 | 26.3 | 573.2 | 10.0 | 16.4 | 286.4 | 2.0 | 4.7 | |
Bagalkote | 796.8 | 11.4 | 18.8 | 535.3 | 8.5 | 14.2 | 293.6 | 4.1 | 7.3 | |
Badami | 806.3 | 13.6 | 21.7 | 565.3 | 8.9 | 14.6 | 331.6 | 2.1 | 4.4 | |
Hungund | 859.0 | 17.1 | 26.1 | 590.2 | 9.5 | 16.0 | 356.7 | 4.5 | 8.8 | |
Gadag | Nargund | 981.7 | 13.5 | 21.2 | 610.0 | 7.6 | 13.0 | 385.9 | 1.1 | 2.4 |
Ron | 900.8 | 15.4 | 24.6 | 604.6 | 8.6 | 14.4 | 385.2 | 3.7 | 7.3 | |
Gadag | 800.8 | 11.2 | 18.6 | 543.0 | 5.6 | 10.3 | 291.9 | 2.4 | 4.9 | |
Mundargi | 742.0 | 14.8 | 23.1 | 505.7 | 8.8 | 15.0 | 268.4 | 3.0 | 5.0 | |
Shirhatti | 2305.6 | 26.2 | 37.7 | 707.3 | 5.2 | 9.5 | 465.1 | 2.9 | 6.0 | |
Koppal | Kushtagi | 826.8 | 14.3 | 22.5 | 532.8 | 10.1 | 16.6 | 324.5 | 4.8 | 7.7 |
Yelbarga | 840.2 | 11.3 | 19.2 | 570.3 | 7.7 | 13.4 | 350.1 | 3.5 | 6.8 | |
Koppal | 953.5 | 20.5 | 30.0 | 623.2 | 13.1 | 20.3 | 316.7 | 3.0 | 6.5 | |
Gangawati | 864.6 | 14.3 | 22.2 | 510.3 | 9.0 | 14.8 | 294.6 | 3.3 | 6.2 |
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Raghavan, R.; Rao, K.V.; Shirahatti, M.S.; Srinivas, D.K.; Reddy, K.S.; Chary, G.R.; Gopinath, K.A.; Osman, M.; Prabhakar, M.; Singh, V.K. Assessment of Spatial and Temporal Variations in Runoff Potential under Changing Climatic Scenarios in Northern Part of Karnataka in India Using Geospatial Techniques. Sustainability 2022, 14, 3969. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14073969
Raghavan R, Rao KV, Shirahatti MS, Srinivas DK, Reddy KS, Chary GR, Gopinath KA, Osman M, Prabhakar M, Singh VK. Assessment of Spatial and Temporal Variations in Runoff Potential under Changing Climatic Scenarios in Northern Part of Karnataka in India Using Geospatial Techniques. Sustainability. 2022; 14(7):3969. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14073969
Chicago/Turabian StyleRaghavan, Rejani, Kondru Venkateswara Rao, Maheshwar Shivashankar Shirahatti, Duvvala Kalyana Srinivas, Kotha Sammi Reddy, Gajjala Ravindra Chary, Kodigal A. Gopinath, Mohammed Osman, Mathyam Prabhakar, and Vinod Kumar Singh. 2022. "Assessment of Spatial and Temporal Variations in Runoff Potential under Changing Climatic Scenarios in Northern Part of Karnataka in India Using Geospatial Techniques" Sustainability 14, no. 7: 3969. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14073969