Rural Tourism Competitiveness and Development Mode, a Case Study from Chinese Township Scale Using Integrated Multi-Source Data
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- Construct a town-level rural tourism competitiveness evaluation base on the modified Michael Porter’s Diamond Model using integrated multi-source data.
- Identify typical patterns, influencing factors, and development mechanisms of the rural tourism industry.
- Discuss strategies and policies for improving rural tourism competitiveness.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data and Technical Framework
2.2. Model and Indicator System Building
2.3. Study Sample
3. Result
3.1. Exploratory Factor Analysis Result of Rural Tourism Industry Competitiveness at Town Level
3.2. Comprehensive Score of Tourism Industry Competitiveness at Town Level
3.3. Clustering Results of Rural Tourism Industry Development Mode
4. Discussion
4.1. Typical Mode of Rural Tourism Industry at Town Level
4.2. More Keys to Sustainable Rural Tourism Industry Development
5. Conclusions
- (1)
- We constructed a town level rural tourism competitiveness evaluation model containing six factors (i.e., rural tourism production factor conditions, rural tourism market condition, firms’ strategy, related and supporting industries, national and local policy support) based on the modified Michael Porter’s Diamond Model using integrated multi-source data.
- (2)
- Take the 1806 township units in Henan Province, China, as examples, we evaluate rural tourism competitiveness and identify typical development patterns at the town level and conclude four different modes based on the level of comprehensive competitiveness score and industrial internal balance (i.e., balanced development mode with multiple advantages, related and supporting industries driving mode, ecological resource-led mode, rural landscape experience mode).
- (3)
- By summarizing different development mechanisms and spatial distribution characteristics, we reaffirmed and emphasized the significant effects of tourism attraction resources, related supporting industries, mixed business entities, and policy guarantees in improving rural tourism competitiveness, which is basically consistent with the existing research.
- (4)
- Furthermore, in order to provide a more general and broader perspective, we also discussed the necessity of indigenous community participation and integrated urban–rural tourism development to achieve sustainable rural revitalization.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Target Layer | Criterion Layers | Subdivision Criterion Layer | Indicators Layer | Explanation |
---|---|---|---|---|
Rural Tourism Industry Competitiveness Evaluation Model at Town Level | Rural tourism production factor conditions | Geographical environment factors | Forest cover rate | Ratio of forest area to township administrative area, based on land use data interpreted by satellite remote sensing images |
Cultivated land area | Area of cultivated land in township administrative area, based on land use data interpreted by satellite remote sensing images | |||
Township administrative area | Based on township administrative boundaries | |||
Terrain relief amplitude | The difference between the highest and the lowest altitude within township administrative area, based on DEM topographic map [44] | |||
Terrain surface roughness | The ratio of the surface area to its projected area within township administrative area, based on DEM topographic map [44] | |||
Tourist attractions | Value of natural tourism attraction | Calculated based on national A-level scenic attractions and Baidu map POI tourist attractions; Value = (5 × number of 5A scenic attractions + 2.5 × number of 4A scenic attractions + 1.5 × number of 3A scenic attractions + 0.75 × number of 2A scenic attractions + 0.15 × number of 1A scenic attractions + 0.1 * number of general POI tourist attractions)/township administrative area [45] | ||
Value of historical and cultural tourism attraction | ||||
Value of leisure and wellness tourism attraction | ||||
Rural tourism market condition | Market size | Number of tourists | Statistical Data of Henan Provinces, Counties and Cities | |
Total tourism revenue | Statistical Data of Henan Provinces, Counties and Cities | |||
Internet popularity | Number of online reviews of scenic attractions | Based on the total number of Ctrip online reviews of tourist attractions in township area and use as correction factor to the statistical data at city level | ||
Firms strategy | Number of travel agencies | Filter by type and name of Baidu Map POI and count the number of different type of business entities within township administrative area | ||
Tourism enterprise | Number of leisure farms and rural homestays | |||
Number of cultural tourism enterprises | ||||
Tourism service industry | Number of shopping facilities | Filter by type and name of Baidu Map POI and count the number of different type of business entities within township administrative area | ||
Number of accommodation facilities | ||||
Number of catering facilities | ||||
Number of public transport facilities | ||||
Related and supporting industries | Regional industrial capacity | Number of enterprises | Statistical Yearbook of Urban and Rural Construction—Villages and Towns | |
Number of employees in the enterprises | ||||
Industrial cluster | Number of industrial enterprises | |||
Number of large scale industrial enterprises | ||||
National and local policy support | National policy | Number of national rural tourism demonstration site | Number of national-level pastoral complexes, China’s beautiful leisure villages, national rural tourism key villages, national historical and cultural towns and villages, Chinese traditional villages, national leisure agriculture and rural tourism demonstration site within township administrative area | |
Local policy | Number of provincial rural tourism demonstration site | Number of provincial rural tourism demonstration counties and villages, provincial leisure agriculture and rural tourism demonstration site within township administrative area |
Element | Initial Eigenvalues | Rotational Load Sum of Squares | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | Percent Variance | Cumulative Percentage | Total | Percent Variance | Cumulative Percentage | |
1 | 5.177 | 23.530 | 23.530 | 3.807 | 17.305 | 17.305 |
2 | 3.595 | 16.340 | 39.870 | 2.949 | 13.404 | 30.709 |
3 | 2.001 | 9.096 | 48.966 | 2.619 | 11.906 | 42.615 |
4 | 1.910 | 8.681 | 57.647 | 2.147 | 9.760 | 52.375 |
5 | 1.107 | 5.033 | 62.680 | 1.628 | 7.400 | 59.775 |
6 | 0.958 | 4.356 | 67.036 | 1.598 | 7.262 | 67.036 |
7 | 0.899 | 4.088 | 71.124 | |||
8 | 0.793 | 3.606 | 74.730 | |||
9 | 0.767 | 3.485 | 78.216 | |||
10 | 0.701 | 3.188 | 81.404 | |||
11 | 0.669 | 3.043 | 84.446 | |||
12 | 0.656 | 2.982 | 87.429 | |||
13 | 0.578 | 2.627 | 90.056 | |||
14 | 0.493 | 2.240 | 92.296 | |||
15 | 0.423 | 1.921 | 94.217 | |||
16 | 0.370 | 1.684 | 95.901 | |||
17 | 0.347 | 1.577 | 97.478 | |||
18 | 0.235 | 1.070 | 98.548 | |||
19 | 0.233 | 1.058 | 99.605 | |||
20 | 0.051 | 0.230 | 99.835 | |||
21 | 0.030 | 0.136 | 99.971 | |||
22 | 0.006 | 0.029 | 100.000 |
F1 | F2 | F3 | F4 | F5 | F6 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Indicator | Firm Strategy Factor | Geographical Environment Factor | Related and Supporting Industry Factor. | Market Demand Factor | Policy Support Factor | Tourism Attraction Factor |
Number of catering facilities | 0.919 | |||||
Number of shopping facilities | 0.908 | |||||
Number of public transport facilities | 0.784 | |||||
Number of accommodation facilities | 0.740 | 0.307 | ||||
Number of travel agencies and cultural tourism enterprises | 0.671 | |||||
Terrain relief amplitude | 0.866 | 0.285 | ||||
Terrain surface roughness | 0.853 | 0.294 | ||||
Township administrative area | 0.728 | 0.252 | ||||
Forest cover rate | 0.644 | |||||
Cultivated land area | −0.569 | 0.258 | ||||
Number of industrial enterprises | 0.860 | |||||
Number of enterprises | 0.278 | 0.773 | ||||
Number of employees in the enterprises | 0.293 | 0.760 | ||||
Number of large scale industrial enterprises | 0.691 | |||||
Corrected total tourism revenue | 0.957 | |||||
Corrected number of tourists | 0.950 | |||||
Number of leisure farms, and ecological farms | 0.256 | 0.676 | ||||
Number of provincial rural tourism demonstration site | 0.216 | 0.651 | ||||
Number of national rural tourism demonstration site | 0.568 | 0.364 | ||||
Value of historical and cultural tourism attraction | 0.260 | 0.790 | ||||
Value of natural tourism attraction | 0.283 | 0.634 | ||||
Value of leisure and wellness tourism attraction | 0.413 | 0.346 | 0.462 |
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Jia, Z.; Jiao, Y.; Zhang, W.; Chen, Z. Rural Tourism Competitiveness and Development Mode, a Case Study from Chinese Township Scale Using Integrated Multi-Source Data. Sustainability 2022, 14, 4147. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14074147
Jia Z, Jiao Y, Zhang W, Chen Z. Rural Tourism Competitiveness and Development Mode, a Case Study from Chinese Township Scale Using Integrated Multi-Source Data. Sustainability. 2022; 14(7):4147. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14074147
Chicago/Turabian StyleJia, Ziyu, Yan Jiao, Wei Zhang, and Zheng Chen. 2022. "Rural Tourism Competitiveness and Development Mode, a Case Study from Chinese Township Scale Using Integrated Multi-Source Data" Sustainability 14, no. 7: 4147. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14074147