Figure 1.
Spatial distribution and density of the main livestock and poultry farms in Anhui Province in 2019. The cities include Hefei, Huaibei, Bozhou, Suzhou, Bengbu, Fuyang, Huainan, Chuzhou, Lu’an, Ma’anshan, Wuhu, Xuancheng, Tongling, Chizhou, Anqing, and Huangshan. Legend: Major animal farm; farm density, high to low.
Figure 1.
Spatial distribution and density of the main livestock and poultry farms in Anhui Province in 2019. The cities include Hefei, Huaibei, Bozhou, Suzhou, Bengbu, Fuyang, Huainan, Chuzhou, Lu’an, Ma’anshan, Wuhu, Xuancheng, Tongling, Chizhou, Anqing, and Huangshan. Legend: Major animal farm; farm density, high to low.
Figure 2.
Spatial distribution of total livestock and poultry excreta (LPE) outputs in cities in Anhui Province in 2019. Cities include Hefei, Huaibei, Bozhou, Suzhou, Bengbu, Fuyang, Huainan, Chuzhou, Lu’an, Ma’anshan, Wuhu, Xuancheng, Tongling, Chizhou, Anqing, and Huangshan. Legend: Total output of livestock and poultry excreta (LPE) (104 t); annual production of livestock and poultry excreta (LPE) (104 t); cattle, pigs, sheep, and poultry.
Figure 2.
Spatial distribution of total livestock and poultry excreta (LPE) outputs in cities in Anhui Province in 2019. Cities include Hefei, Huaibei, Bozhou, Suzhou, Bengbu, Fuyang, Huainan, Chuzhou, Lu’an, Ma’anshan, Wuhu, Xuancheng, Tongling, Chizhou, Anqing, and Huangshan. Legend: Total output of livestock and poultry excreta (LPE) (104 t); annual production of livestock and poultry excreta (LPE) (104 t); cattle, pigs, sheep, and poultry.
Figure 3.
Spatial distribution of the total production of livestock and poultry excreta (LPE) in various watersheds of Anhui Province in 2019. The cities include Hefei, Huaibei, Bozhou, Suzhou, Bengbu, Fuyang, Huainan, Chuzhou, Lu’an, Ma’anshan, Wuhu, Xuancheng, Tongling, Chizhou, Anqing, and Huangshan. Legend: Drainage divide; total production of livestock and poultry excreta (LPE) (104 t); Annual production of livestock and poultry excreta (LPE) (104 t); cattle, pigs, sheep, and poultry.
Figure 3.
Spatial distribution of the total production of livestock and poultry excreta (LPE) in various watersheds of Anhui Province in 2019. The cities include Hefei, Huaibei, Bozhou, Suzhou, Bengbu, Fuyang, Huainan, Chuzhou, Lu’an, Ma’anshan, Wuhu, Xuancheng, Tongling, Chizhou, Anqing, and Huangshan. Legend: Drainage divide; total production of livestock and poultry excreta (LPE) (104 t); Annual production of livestock and poultry excreta (LPE) (104 t); cattle, pigs, sheep, and poultry.
Figure 4.
Pollutant output from livestock and poultry excreta (LPE) in the cities of Anhui Province in 2019. The cities in (a–d) include Hefei, Huaibei, Bozhou, Suzhou, Bengbu, Fuyang, Huainan, Chuzhou, Lu’an, Ma’anshan, Wuhu, Xuancheng, Tongling, Chizhou, Anqing, and Huangshan. (a) TN output (104 t); (b) TP output (104 t); (c) NH3-N output (104 t); and (d) COD output (104 t).
Figure 4.
Pollutant output from livestock and poultry excreta (LPE) in the cities of Anhui Province in 2019. The cities in (a–d) include Hefei, Huaibei, Bozhou, Suzhou, Bengbu, Fuyang, Huainan, Chuzhou, Lu’an, Ma’anshan, Wuhu, Xuancheng, Tongling, Chizhou, Anqing, and Huangshan. (a) TN output (104 t); (b) TP output (104 t); (c) NH3-N output (104 t); and (d) COD output (104 t).
Figure 5.
Distribution of agricultural land in Anhui Province. The cities include Hefei, Huaibei, Bozhou, Suzhou, Bengbu, Fuyang, Huainan, Chuzhou, Lu’an, Ma’anshan, Wuhu, Xuancheng, Tongling, Chizhou, Anqing, and Huangshan. Legend: Farmland; forest land; grassland; horticulture land.
Figure 5.
Distribution of agricultural land in Anhui Province. The cities include Hefei, Huaibei, Bozhou, Suzhou, Bengbu, Fuyang, Huainan, Chuzhou, Lu’an, Ma’anshan, Wuhu, Xuancheng, Tongling, Chizhou, Anqing, and Huangshan. Legend: Farmland; forest land; grassland; horticulture land.
Figure 6.
Pollutant output and water diffusion concentration due to livestock and poultry farming in Anhui Province in 2019. The regions include the cities of Hefei, Huaibei, Bozhou, Suzhou, Bengbu, Fuyang, Huainan, Chuzhou, Lu’an, Ma’anshan, Wuhu, Xuancheng, Tongling, Chizhou, Anqing, and Huangshan, as well as Anhui Province.
Figure 6.
Pollutant output and water diffusion concentration due to livestock and poultry farming in Anhui Province in 2019. The regions include the cities of Hefei, Huaibei, Bozhou, Suzhou, Bengbu, Fuyang, Huainan, Chuzhou, Lu’an, Ma’anshan, Wuhu, Xuancheng, Tongling, Chizhou, Anqing, and Huangshan, as well as Anhui Province.
Figure 7.
Map of the water system in Anhui Province. The cities include Hefei, Huaibei, Bozhou, Suzhou, Bengbu, Fuyang, Huainan, Chuzhou, Lu’an, Ma’anshan, Wuhu, Xuancheng, Tongling, Chizhou, Anqing, and Huangshan. Legend: Rivers; lakes, and reservoirs.
Figure 7.
Map of the water system in Anhui Province. The cities include Hefei, Huaibei, Bozhou, Suzhou, Bengbu, Fuyang, Huainan, Chuzhou, Lu’an, Ma’anshan, Wuhu, Xuancheng, Tongling, Chizhou, Anqing, and Huangshan. Legend: Rivers; lakes, and reservoirs.
Figure 8.
Water load equivalent pollution index for livestock and poultry excreta (LPE) pollutants in cities of Anhui Province in 2019. The cities include Hefei, Huaibei, Bozhou, Suzhou, Bengbu, Fuyang, Huainan, Chuzhou, Lu’an, Ma’anshan, Wuhu, Xuancheng, Tongling, Chizhou, Anqing, and Huangshan. Legend: Water pollution load index.
Figure 8.
Water load equivalent pollution index for livestock and poultry excreta (LPE) pollutants in cities of Anhui Province in 2019. The cities include Hefei, Huaibei, Bozhou, Suzhou, Bengbu, Fuyang, Huainan, Chuzhou, Lu’an, Ma’anshan, Wuhu, Xuancheng, Tongling, Chizhou, Anqing, and Huangshan. Legend: Water pollution load index.
Table 1.
Discharge coefficient and pollutant content of LPE.
Table 1.
Discharge coefficient and pollutant content of LPE.
Parameter | Cattle | Pigs | Sheep | Poultry |
---|
Manure | Urine | Manure | Urine | Manure | Manure |
---|
Discharge coefficient (kg·d−1) | | 20.00 | 10.00 | 2.00 | 3.30 | 2.60 | 0.12 |
Pollutant content (kg·t−1) | TN | 4.37 | 8.00 | 5.88 | 3.30 | 7.50 | 10.40 |
TP | 1.18 | 0.40 | 3.14 | 0.52 | 2.60 | 5.80 |
NH3-N | 1.71 | 3.47 | 3.08 | 1.43 | 2.10 | 2.80 |
COD | 31.00 | 6.00 | 52.00 | 9.00 | 4.63 | 45.70 |
Table 2.
Classification of the farmland load early warning value of the livestock and poultry excreta pig manure equivalent.
Table 2.
Classification of the farmland load early warning value of the livestock and poultry excreta pig manure equivalent.
Farmland Early Warning Value | Load Class | Environmental Threat |
---|
R ≤ 0.4 | I | No threat |
0.4 < R ≤ 0.7 | II | Minor threat |
0.7 < R ≤ 1.0 | III | Threat |
1.0 < R ≤ 1.5 | IV | Severe threat |
1.5 < R | V | Very severe threat |
Table 3.
Classification of the water load equivalent pollution index of livestock and poultry pollutants.
Table 3.
Classification of the water load equivalent pollution index of livestock and poultry pollutants.
Pollution Index | Load Class | Environmental Pollution Impact | Environmental Pollution Level | Class Color |
---|
ε ≤ 5 | I | No pollution | No impact | |
5 < ε ≤ 10 | II | Mild pollution | Low impact | |
10 < ε ≤ 15 | III | Moderate pollution | Moderate impact | |
15 < ε ≤ 20 | IV | Heavy pollution | Heavy impact | |
20 < ε | V | Severe pollution | Severe impact | |
Table 4.
Total numbers of livestock and poultry slaughtered in the cities in Anhui Province in 2019.
Table 4.
Total numbers of livestock and poultry slaughtered in the cities in Anhui Province in 2019.
Region | Cattle (104) | Pigs (104) | Sheep (104) | Poultry (104) | Total Pig Equivalent (104) | Proportion (%) |
---|
Hefei | 4.42 | 203.63 | 11.16 | 3390.99 | 432.17 | 7.85 |
Huaibei | 1.99 | 48.85 | 20.61 | 743.93 | 126.66 | 2.30 |
Bozhou | 6.92 | 249.75 | 81.79 | 1151.00 | 466.91 | 8.48 |
Suzhou | 10.94 | 331.43 | 160.72 | 2548.80 | 716.38 | 13.00 |
Bengbu | 13.20 | 166.02 | 59.23 | 2586.61 | 557.12 | 10.12 |
Fuyang | 20.84 | 380.01 | 129.53 | 2916.53 | 965.31 | 17.53 |
Huainan | 4.05 | 101.83 | 25.61 | 1009.10 | 233.36 | 4.24 |
Chuzhou | 4.22 | 261.05 | 27.22 | 2054.00 | 438.54 | 7.96 |
Lu’an | 4.00 | 257.22 | 18.70 | 1839.36 | 418.34 | 7.60 |
Ma’anshan | 0.90 | 39.21 | 4.69 | 608.65 | 83.53 | 1.52 |
Wuhu | 0.94 | 46.52 | 2.49 | 1501.80 | 126.42 | 2.30 |
Xuancheng | 2.20 | 80.36 | 5.70 | 3348.29 | 260.52 | 4.73 |
Tongling | 0.20 | 22.70 | 0.51 | 700.65 | 55.02 | 1.00 |
Chizhou | 0.46 | 60.83 | 0.69 | 763.00 | 100.84 | 1.83 |
Anqing | 6.19 | 191.74 | 6.31 | 2680.34 | 425.30 | 7.72 |
Huangshan | 1.60 | 49.12 | 1.74 | 464.68 | 100.42 | 1.82 |
Anhui Province | 83.08 | 2490.27 | 556.70 | 28,307.73 | 5506.84 | 100 |
Table 5.
Pollutant release form livestock and poultry farming in the cities in Anhui Province in 2019.
Table 5.
Pollutant release form livestock and poultry farming in the cities in Anhui Province in 2019.
Region | Pollutant Release from Livestock and Poultry Farming (104 t) | Equivalent Pollution Load Ratio (%) |
---|
TN | TP | NH3-N | COD | Total | TN | TP | NH3-N | COD | Total |
---|
Hefei | 0.65 | 0.26 | 0.24 | 3.14 | 4.30 | 15.12 | 6.05 | 5.58 | 73.02 | 8.42 |
Huaibei | 0.21 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.82 | 1.18 | 17.80 | 5.93 | 5.93 | 69.49 | 2.30 |
Bozhou | 0.73 | 0.24 | 0.29 | 3.01 | 4.27 | 17.10 | 5.62 | 6.79 | 70.49 | 8.38 |
Suzhou | 1.19 | 0.41 | 0.45 | 4.55 | 6.60 | 18.03 | 6.21 | 6.82 | 68.94 | 12.93 |
Bengbu | 0.80 | 0.25 | 0.30 | 3.28 | 4.62 | 17.32 | 5.41 | 6.49 | 71.00 | 9.06 |
Fuyang | 1.40 | 0.43 | 0.54 | 5.76 | 8.14 | 17.20 | 5.28 | 6.63 | 70.76 | 15.95 |
Huainan | 0.35 | 0.12 | 0.13 | 1.50 | 2.09 | 16.75 | 5.74 | 6.22 | 71.77 | 4.10 |
Chuzhou | 0.65 | 0.25 | 0.26 | 3.14 | 4.30 | 15.12 | 5.81 | 6.05 | 73.02 | 8.43 |
Lu’an | 0.61 | 0.23 | 0.25 | 3.01 | 4.09 | 14.91 | 5.62 | 6.11 | 73.59 | 8.02 |
Ma’anshan | 0.13 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.60 | 0.82 | 15.85 | 6.10 | 6.10 | 73.17 | 1.61 |
Wuhu | 0.20 | 0.09 | 0.07 | 0.96 | 1.33 | 15.04 | 6.77 | 5.26 | 72.18 | 2.61 |
Xuancheng | 0.42 | 0.19 | 0.14 | 1.97 | 2.73 | 15.38 | 6.96 | 5.13 | 72.16 | 5.35 |
Tongling | 0.09 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.44 | 0.60 | 15.00 | 6.67 | 5.00 | 73.33 | 1.18 |
Chizhou | 0.15 | 0.07 | 0.06 | 0.78 | 1.06 | 14.15 | 6.60 | 5.66 | 73.58 | 2.08 |
Anqing | 0.60 | 0.22 | 0.23 | 2.93 | 3.98 | 15.08 | 5.53 | 5.78 | 73.62 | 7.80 |
Huangshan | 0.14 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.67 | 0.91 | 15.38 | 5.49 | 5.49 | 73.63 | 1.79 |
Anhui Province | 8.30 | 2.98 | 3.18 | 36.58 | 51.04 | 16.26 | 5.84 | 6.23 | 71.67 | 100.00 |
Proportion (%) | 16.27 | 5.84 | 6.22 | 71.67 | 100.00 | - | - | - | - | - |
Table 6.
Livestock and poultry pig manure equivalent load and farmland early warning value classes in the cities in Anhui Province in 2019.
Table 6.
Livestock and poultry pig manure equivalent load and farmland early warning value classes in the cities in Anhui Province in 2019.
Region | Farmland Area (104 Hm2) | Pig Equivalent (/104 t) | Load (t·Hm−2) | Early Warning Value | Class | Early Warning Value | Class |
---|
R1 | R2 |
---|
Hefei | 55.88 | 383.84 | 6.87 | 0.46 | II | 0.23 | I |
Huaibei | 16.75 | 118.19 | 7.06 | 0.47 | II | 0.24 | I |
Bozhou | 59.95 | 405.35 | 6.76 | 0.45 | II | 0.23 | I |
Suzhou | 57.63 | 669.57 | 11.62 | 0.77 | III | 0.39 | I |
Bengbu | 37.88 | 453.42 | 11.97 | 0.80 | III | 0.40 | II |
Fuyang | 64.81 | 782.60 | 12.08 | 0.81 | III | 0.40 | II |
Huainan | 34.08 | 196.48 | 5.77 | 0.38 | I | 0.19 | I |
Chuzhou | 71.64 | 372.02 | 5.19 | 0.35 | I | 0.17 | I |
Lu’an | 52.72 | 345.82 | 6.56 | 0.44 | II | 0.22 | I |
Ma’anshan | 17.45 | 75.04 | 4.30 | 0.29 | I | 0.14 | I |
Wuhu | 26.79 | 125.45 | 4.68 | 0.31 | I | 0.16 | I |
Xuancheng | 24.86 | 263.68 | 10.61 | 0.71 | III | 0.35 | I |
Tongling | 9.41 | 56.26 | 5.98 | 0.40 | II | 0.20 | I |
Chizhou | 13.84 | 90.15 | 6.52 | 0.43 | II | 0.22 | I |
Anqing | 38.08 | 348.72 | 9.16 | 0.61 | II | 0.31 | I |
Huangshan | 6.84 | 77.87 | 11.39 | 0.76 | III | 0.38 | I |
Anhui Province | 588.60 | 4764.48 | 8.09 | 0.54 | II | 0.27 | I |