Local-Scale Groundwater Sustainability Assessment Based on the Response to Groundwater Mining (MGSI): A Case Study of Da’an City, Jilin Province, China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Study Area
3. Data Sources
4. Methodology
4.1. Mining-Response-Based Groundwater Sustainability Index (MGSI)
4.2. Groundwater Response State (RES)
4.3. Groundwater Mining Pressure (PRE)
4.3.1. Degree of Mining (MD)
4.3.2. Decomposition Coefficient (DC)
4.4. Trend Test
5. Results and Discussion
5.1. Spatio-Temporal Variation in Groundwater Sustainability
5.2. Change Trends of Groundwater Depth
6. Conclusions
- (1)
- The mean MGSI of confined water is more significantly affected by groundwater mining than that of phreatic water. During 2013–2017, with the increase in mining, the mean MGSI of confined water dropped sharply, and the mean MGSI of phreatic water also showed a similar trend. In the future, water resource management should consider replacing groundwater with surface water or other water sources to reduce groundwater exploitation.
- (2)
- The mean MGSI of the phreatic aquifer increases at a rate of 0.01 per year, whereas that of the confined aquifer decreases at a rate of 0.04 per year. Therefore, the mining of confined water in Da’an City should be carried out more cautiously in the future.
- (3)
- The sustainability level evaluation using the MGSI shows that the continuous increase in mining up to 2017 subsequently led to the “Relatively low” sustainable subzone occupying most of the submerged aquifer, and the “Low” sustainable subzone of the confined aquifer was concentrated in the west of Da’an City. Reducing mining and the utilization of groundwater is still a challenge that should be overcome in Da’an City, especially in the west of Da’an City. Taking into account the local conditions, developing water-saving agriculture, or replacing paddy fields with dry fields should be considered.
- (4)
- The groundwater depths of Well 8 and Well 9 have increased significantly, indicating that the phreatic water in these areas has been overconsumed during recent years, and management measures should be implemented in the future while continuing to pay attention to the groundwater levels in these areas. The groundwater depth of Well 5 decreased significantly, indicating that the confined water in this area has the potential for further mining.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
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MGSI Range | Sustainability Level of Groundwater |
---|---|
−0.566 to 0.148 | Low |
0.148–0.498 | Relatively low |
0.498–0.776 | Medium |
0.776–1.145 | Relatively high |
1.145–1.938 | High |
Target | First-Level Evaluation Index | Serial Number | Secondary Evaluation Index | Data Source/ Calculation Method | Weight Relative to Target |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mining degree | Amount of groundwater mining | 1 | Total amount of mining | Baicheng City Water Resources Bulletin | 0.084 |
2 | Amount of mining for irrigation | Baicheng City Water Resources Bulletin | 0.109 | ||
3 | Amount of mining for industry | Baicheng City Water Resources Bulletin | 0.122 | ||
Intensity of groundwater mining | 4 | Groundwater consumption per 10,000 Yuan of GDP | Total amount of mining (10,000 m3)/GDP (10,000 Yuan) | 0.207 | |
5 | Groundwater consumption per capita | Total amount of mining (10,000 m3)/total population (10,000) | 0.099 | ||
6 | Intensity of mining for agriculture | Amount of mining for irrigation (10,000 m3)/total number of agricultural wells | 0.228 | ||
7 | Groundwater consumption per 10,000 Yuan of industrial production value | Amount of mining for industry (10,000 m3)/industrial production value (10,000 Yuan) | 0.151 |
i | MDi | i | MDi | i | MDi |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2007 | 0.126 | 2008 | 0.063 | 2009 | 0.626 |
2010 | 0.789 | 2011 | 0.390 | 2012 | 0.392 |
2013 | 0.140 | 2014 | 0.303 | 2015 | 0.487 |
2016 | 0.971 | 2017 | 0.966 |
Aquifer | Mean MGSI | Significance (5% Significance Level) | Trend | Sen’s Slope (/a) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Phreatic | 0.230–0.999 | Insignificant | Increasing | 0.01 |
Confined | 0.283–1.326 | Insignificant | Decreasing | −0.04 |
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Fang, Z.; Ding, X.; Gao, H. Local-Scale Groundwater Sustainability Assessment Based on the Response to Groundwater Mining (MGSI): A Case Study of Da’an City, Jilin Province, China. Sustainability 2022, 14, 5618. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14095618
Fang Z, Ding X, Gao H. Local-Scale Groundwater Sustainability Assessment Based on the Response to Groundwater Mining (MGSI): A Case Study of Da’an City, Jilin Province, China. Sustainability. 2022; 14(9):5618. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14095618
Chicago/Turabian StyleFang, Zhang, Xiaofan Ding, and Han Gao. 2022. "Local-Scale Groundwater Sustainability Assessment Based on the Response to Groundwater Mining (MGSI): A Case Study of Da’an City, Jilin Province, China" Sustainability 14, no. 9: 5618. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14095618