Analysis and Optimization of Landscape Preference Characteristics of Rural Public Space Based on Eye-Tracking Technology: The Case of Huangshandian Village, China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Rural Public Space
1.2. Landscape Preference Theory and Eye-Tracking Technology
1.3. Research Objective
2. Study Area
2.1. Study Site
2.2. Public Space Selection
- (1)
- Square space landscape (Figure 2a): The cultural plaza is the recreational activity center of Huangshandian Village, where villagers and tourists concentrate to participate in recreational activities and information exchange, and where most of the village’s important activities take place, such as festival and wedding celebrations, creating an important space for the rich and colorful cultural activities and intimate neighborhood relationship in Huangshandian Village [7]. The plaza space is located in the center of the village, at an important position at the intersection of streets and alleys, the paving of which consists of the characteristic local stones, and it has simple and ancient vignettes.
- (2)
- Street space landscape (Figure 2b): The street space landscape is a typical landscape of Huangshandian Village. During the field research, we often observed the local residents walking in the street space and talking and communicating with each other, as well as general village activities [55]. The street space of Huangshandian Village is mostly north–south in depth, connecting small public spaces and organizing traffic, and the buildings on both sides have the obvious characteristics of the mountain dwellings in western Beijing, with many stone walls and tile and slate roofs.
- (3)
- Waterfront space landscape (Figure 2c): The waterfront space landscape is an important characteristic of the landscape of Huangshandian Village. The main river in the jurisdiction is the Xiekuo River and the landscape is smooth in the peak season, but weak in the dry season, which is an important space for recreation, distribution, and sightseeing in Huangshandian Village. Both sides of the water area are hard revetments. People carry out spontaneous activities of interaction and communication in the open space beside the river. As an obvious and important linear node space in the village, it is one of the most natural living spaces in the village. The selected sites for the experiment include stone bridges across the river and open green spaces beside the river. This stone bridge is located in the central area of the village waterfront system, which bears the important traffic function of Huangshandian Village, and is the only way for villagers and tourists to pass. At the same time, the riverside green space connected by the stone bridge has been determined by the government as the next reconstruction area, so this area was selected as the experimental site. As shown in Dupont, L’s article [49] on landscape identification by professionals and non-experts, the experiment excluded such distracting experimental perspectives because non-experts often spend more time and attention on specific objects, such as parked cars, signs, and other non-landscape elements. In the actual space-use process, the riverside green space is located at the extinction point of the forward direction of the stone bridge; this angle can show the main landscape surface, and finally determine the angle shown as the experimental observation angle.
- (4)
- Public green space landscape (Figure 2d): The public green space is an important space for villagers and tourists to perceive nature. The space is related to the image and appearance of the whole village, and it consists of the old theater, residential buildings, waterfront walkways, and green landscape. During the research, we found that the public green space is mostly a stopping space for tourists on their journeys, and it takes part in the organization of traffic. The space is relatively open, which increases the relevance and integrity of the whole rural landscape. The selected public green space used to be the place where the old stage in the village was located, and it was the space for holding festival ceremonies in the village. After the relocation, out of emotional attachment to the familiar venue [56], local residents still spontaneously choose to gather in this area for assembly and exchange activities [57]. At the same time, experts believe that compared with the fragmented distribution of other public green spaces in the village, the public green space here has a large area and is located in the area where tourists and local residents are concentrated, which can be used as a representative of this kind of activity space. Considering the regional characteristics and historical inheritance of the government, it is also considered that the public green space landscape here has considerable practical potential in the future.
3. Methodology
3.1. Design of Eye-Movement Experiment
- (1)
- The researchers explained the procedure and precautions of the experiment to the subjects to ensure that they had a full understanding of the experimental methods and requirements.
- (2)
- To begin the eye-movement calibration work, after the calibration, the researchers instructed the subjects not to swing their heads, and they gave each subject a uniform instructional phrase: “The following is the official start of the experiment, I will take you to watch a public space scene in the village, will stay for a period of time, please watch carefully and try not to move position suddenly.”
- (3)
- The researchers separately took each of the 20 experimenters to the same position to watch the same public space scene. When the subject entered a relaxed state and started watching, the researchers pressed the timer to start recording the eye-movement data for 30 s. The researchers then asked the subjects to fill out a subjective satisfaction questionnaire based on their subjective perceptions of the viewing.
3.2. Participants and Apparatus
3.3. Data Analysis
4. Results
4.1. Statistical Analysis of Eye-Movement Data
4.1.1. Analysis of Differences in Eye-Movement Indicators in Different Types of Public Spaces
4.1.2. Analysis of Differences in Eye-Movement Indicators of Different Types of Public Space Landscapes Using Different User Groups
4.2. Visual Preference Analysis of Eye Movement in Landscape
4.2.1. Eye-Movement Hot-Spot-View Analysis
4.2.2. Eye-Movement Trajectory Map Analysis
4.3. Visual Preference Analysis of Eye Movement in Landscape
4.4. Subjective and Objective Correlation Analyses
5. Discussion
5.1. Correlation Analysis of Eye-Tracking Data and Subjective Satisfaction for Public Space
5.2. Analysis of Differences in Landscape Preferences of Different User Groups
5.3. Optimization Strategies for Different Types of Public-Space Landscapes
- (1)
- Square space: According to the above study, the current status of the square space is relatively empty, and compared with the other types of spaces, the villagers and tourists had shorter gaze times and paid less attention to the space, which means that the square is not distinctive enough. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to optimize the function and landscape of the spatial landscape of the square to reduce the sense of emptiness and enrich the information on the site. Considering the visual appeal of the vanishing point to the crowd, favorable landscape structures can be configured at the vanishing point of the scene. The control of its color and form would create a greater contrast with the existing pavement and surrounding scenes of the square [95]. In addition, considering the interest of the crowd in height differences in the experimental results, the square renovation should make full use of the facade elements in the space, such as the building walls, plant forest canopy line, and distant mountains as the mid-view and distant view of the scene, and create layers, beauty, and rhythm together with the square foreground.
- (2)
- Street space: The street space achieved higher scores in both the subjective and objective evaluations, and the crowd had more attention points for the observation of the street space and paid more attention to it. Therefore, as a unique street landscape in western Beijing, the key point of renovation should be to protect and enhance the current elements while using the spatial forms for extension and refinement. On the one hand, the space is segmented by making full use of the guiding nature of the street space, and the turning space is appropriately increased in the form of an enclosure based on maintaining the depth. The end of the space is decorated with important landscape nodes, such as characteristic sculptures [96] and solitary plants, in an attempt to create a sense of a “Different view of stepping” [97]. On the other hand, due to the inward view of the street space, extra attention should be paid to the details of the walls and the elements on them, and the original materials should be used for repair, protection, and renewal to fully integrate them with the surrounding environment [98].
- (3)
- Waterfront space: In view of the tourists and villagers the current waterfront space of Huangshandian Village is relatively average. The enhancement of the landscape of the Huangshandian Village waterfront space should be based on maintaining good water quality to increase the richness of the landscape while reflecting its characteristics [99]. As the crowd’s line of sight often stayed near the barge, the design of the water landscape should be focused on enriching the barge form to a natural meandering berm, as well as on arranging favorable water landscape architecture [100] on the premise of ensuring the water quality so that the open space, semi-open space, and closed space have a balanced coexistence in the waterfront space, which draws close-up attention to the water scene itself, with attention originally focused on the distance and background [101,102].
- (4)
- Public green space: According to the data, public green space is highly valued and distinct, but it is difficult to identify. Thus, the core of the public-green-space landscape enhancement lies in enhancing the depth of field of the space, increasing the landscape elements, and highlighting the spatial distinctiveness and identifiability. The entrance to the public green space can be marked to enhance its distinctiveness. From previous studies, we know that to achieve the effect of sharpness and security, the overall spatial color and texture of public green spaces should form a certain contrast with the surrounding environment, while the internal color of the space should be soft and comfortable to fully adapt to the psychology of tourists. In addition, the landscape difference of different green areas should be enhanced with the help of vegetation landscape and especially landscape architecture, which should be used as much as possible to introduce a vision into the space on the basis of perfect restoration to enhance the sense of the spatial hierarchy.
6. Conclusions
- (1)
- The subject’s eye-movement data differed when observing different types of rural public space landscapes, and there were also differences in the eye-movement data for the same spatial scene among different types of subjects. The subjects cognitively worked hardest on the spatial landscape of streets and alleys, and their visual information was mostly focused on the places where the focal points of vision were prominent. Both the visitors and local residents were more interested in the public green spaces, which means that the landscape features of the public green spaces are more obvious. The local residents searched for information on the public green space and waterfront space landscapes more than the tourists, and the information searches were more frequent. The subjects were interested in four types of spaces, which were, in descending order: the public green space, waterfront space, street space, and square space. In terms of the subjective evaluations, the subjects had the lowest subjective evaluations and satisfaction with the square space, and the highest satisfaction with the street space, which indicates there are similarities between the objective eye-movement-analysis results and the subjective-evaluation results.
- (2)
- The overall results of the eye-movement-hotspot view and trajectory map showed that the subject’s visual information was biased toward the center of the spaces and the points where their vision disappeared. The visitors were more concerned with the function of the rural public space recreation services and the appearance of the countryside, while the local residents were more concerned with the functional practicality of the site and the suitability of the human living environment. The architecture of the square space and the undulating structures are the main visual attraction elements. The details of the street space, and especially the doors, windows, and structures on both sides, are the main factors that attract people’s vision. For spaces with long depths and open sight lines, the subject’s visual information was mostly focused on the green landscape and architectural elements. For the waterfront space, the visual information was mostly biased towards the distant barge, skyline, plant groups, and other landscape aspects with multielement integration.
- (3)
- This study is important for understanding users’ landscape perceptions and guiding landscape design. It is hoped that the results of this study will help rural planners as well as designers to more clearly understand the relationship between landscape preference elements and users’ subjective perceptions, and to fully understand the activity needs and landscape preferences of visitors and villagers within the public space landscape. Moreover, it is hoped that the eye-tracking technology will be incorporated into the planning and management practice of rural landscape, and that the research methods such as landscape visual information and subjective evaluation will be used to reasonably organize each landscape element for different spatial types in order to precisely improve the spatial landscape characteristics.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Eye-Movement Indicators | Relevance |
---|---|
Average fixation duration (s) | Represents the average duration (in seconds) of all the selected gaze points in the experiment; the longer the average duration of the gaze points in each scene, the greater the subject’s interest and involvement in an element of the space [65]. |
Fixation count | The number of times a subject looks at an element per unit of time is an indicator that reflects the degree of the importance of the evaluation area; the more times a subject looks at the area, the higher the processing efficiency of the subject, and the visual information can quickly be used to form psychological information, representing the higher degree of attention or interest present in the subject [66]. |
Average saccade amplitude (px) | Refers to the average size of all the selected eye beat amplitudes in the experiment (in terms of the viewing angle); the larger the average eye beat amplitude, the more distinctive the characteristics of the picture, and the greater the range of information acquired [67]. |
Saccade count | Refers to the number of eye jumps per unit time, which is an indicator of the subject’s search behavior; the more eye jumps per unit time, the greater the search volume and less obvious the characteristics of the image [68]. |
Public-Space Category | Average Fixation Duration (s) | Fixation Count | Average Saccade Amplitude (px) | Saccade Count | Total Observation Time (s) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | ||
Square space | 0.28 | 0.06 | 75 | 15.89 | 123.91 | 24.78 | 74 | 15.89 | 30 |
Street space | 0.41 | 0.10 | 62 | 17.06 | 132.29 | 42.50 | 61 | 17.06 | 30 |
Waterfront space | 0.40 | 0.03 | 84 | 16.82 | 152.95 | 41.89 | 83 | 16.77 | 30 |
Public green space | 0.38 | 0.11 | 91 | 22.85 | 179.66 | 18.55 | 90 | 22.85 | 30 |
Public-Space Category | User Group | Average Fixation Duration (s) | Fixation Count | Average Saccade Amplitude (px) | Saccade Count | Total Observation Time (s) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | |||
Square space | Local residents | 0.27 | 0.05 | 46 | 11.47 | 122.10 | 25.49 | 74 | 14.80 | 30 |
Visitors | 0.29 | 0.06 | 76 | 17.79 | 125.72 | 25.46 | 75 | 17.80 | 30 | |
Street space | Local residents | 0.41 | 0.13 | 58 | 21.40 | 127.99 | 50.74 | 57 | 21.40 | 30 |
Visitors | 0.41 | 0.08 | 65 | 11.66 | 136.59 | 34.95 | 64 | 11.66 | 30 | |
Waterfront space | Local residents | 0.38 | 0.03 | 92 | 12.76 | 126.39 | 22.00 | 91 | 13.60 | 30 |
Visitors | 0.42 | 0.03 | 77 | 17.60 | 179.50 | 40.66 | 76 | 16.84 | 30 | |
Public Green space | Local residents | 0.29 | 0.03 | 102 | 25.84 | 171.21 | 20.25 | 101 | 25.84 | 30 |
Visitors | 0.47 | 0.07 | 78 | 8.91 | 189.16 | 11.11 | 77 | 8.91 | 30 |
Type of Space | Average Fixation Duration | Fixation Count | Average Saccade Amplitude | Saccade Count | Satisfaction Evaluation | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Square space | Average fixation duration | Pearson correlation | 1 | ||||
Fixation count | −0.202 | 1 | |||||
Average saccade amplitude | 0.110 | −0.219 | 1 | ||||
Saccade count | −0.202 | 1.000 ** | −0.219 | 1 | |||
Satisfaction evaluation | 0.610 ** | −0.231 | 0.670 ** | −0.231 | 1 | ||
Street space | Average fixation duration | Pearson correlation | 1 | ||||
Fixation count | −0.507 * | 1 | |||||
Average saccade amplitude | −0.329 | −0.117 | 1 | ||||
Saccade count | −0.507 * | 1.000 ** | −0.117 | 1 | |||
Satisfaction evaluation | 0.499 * | −0.469 * | −0.236 | −0.469 * | 1 | ||
Waterfront space | Average fixation duration | Pearson correlation | 1 | ||||
Fixation count | −0.752 ** | 1 | |||||
Average saccade amplitude | −0.260 | 0.011 | 1 | ||||
Saccade count | −0.752 ** | 1.000 ** | 0.011 | 1 | |||
Satisfaction evaluation | 0.604 ** | −0.460 * | −0.104 | −0.460 * | 1 | ||
Public green space | Average fixation duration | Pearson correlation | 1 | ||||
Fixation count | −0.525 * | 1 | |||||
Average saccade amplitude | 0.175 | 0.062 | 1 | ||||
Saccade count | −0.525 * | 1.000 ** | 0.062 | 1 | |||
Satisfaction evaluation | 0.665 ** | −0.469 | 0.514 * | −0.469 | 1 |
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Su, T.; Wang, K.; Li, S.; Wang, X.; Li, H.; Ding, H.; Chen, Y.; Liu, C.; Liu, M.; Zhang, Y. Analysis and Optimization of Landscape Preference Characteristics of Rural Public Space Based on Eye-Tracking Technology: The Case of Huangshandian Village, China. Sustainability 2023, 15, 212. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15010212
Su T, Wang K, Li S, Wang X, Li H, Ding H, Chen Y, Liu C, Liu M, Zhang Y. Analysis and Optimization of Landscape Preference Characteristics of Rural Public Space Based on Eye-Tracking Technology: The Case of Huangshandian Village, China. Sustainability. 2023; 15(1):212. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15010212
Chicago/Turabian StyleSu, Tingting, Kaiping Wang, Shuangshuang Li, Xinyan Wang, Huan Li, Huanru Ding, Yanfei Chen, Chenhui Liu, Min Liu, and Yunlu Zhang. 2023. "Analysis and Optimization of Landscape Preference Characteristics of Rural Public Space Based on Eye-Tracking Technology: The Case of Huangshandian Village, China" Sustainability 15, no. 1: 212. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15010212