Exploring Influential Factors of Free-Floating Bike-Sharing Usage Frequency before and after COVID-19
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
2.1. Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on BSS
2.1.1. Macro-System Perspective
2.1.2. Micro-User Perspective
2.2. Research Gap
3. Data
3.1. Survey Area
3.2. Data Source and Survey Design
3.3. Respondent Attributes
4. Characteristic Analysis
4.1. Weekly Travel Freqeuncy of FFBS Users before and after COVID-19
4.2. Travel Distance and Duration of FFBS Users before and after COVID-19
5. Method
5.1. Ordered Logit Model
5.2. Variable Calibration and Model Building
6. Results and Discussions
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Variable | Before-COVID-19 | After-COVID-19 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
B | S.E. | B | S.E. | |
Preferences | ||||
Easy to park and pick up | 0.204 | 0.187 | 0.08 | 0.176 |
Low travel cost | −0.06 | 0.205 | 0.366 * | 0.197 |
Convenient payment | 0.054 | 0.201 | −0.178 | 0.182 |
High security | 0.146 | 0.208 | −0.11 | 0.206 |
High amenity | 0.101 | 0.162 | 0.181 | 0.163 |
Basic attribute | ||||
Age | 0.213 | 0.428 | −0.513 | 0.424 |
Educational level | 0.168 | 0.22 | 0.088 | 0.211 |
Monthly income (CNY) | 0.006 | 0.11 | 0.118 | 0.105 |
Number of household bike(s) | 0.358 ** | 0.162 | 0.241 | 0.154 |
Number of household e-bike(s) | −0.072 | 0.157 | −0.088 | 0.148 |
Number of household car(s) | −0.11 | 0.185 | 0.196 | 0.179 |
Gender | −0.347 | 0.291 | −0.031 | 0.263 |
Occupation | 0.045 | 0.08 | 0.038 | 0.078 |
Possess urban household registration | −0.391 | 0.286 | −0.194 | 0.284 |
Possess driving license | 0.171 | 0.334 | −0.067 | 0.314 |
Public bike IC card ownership | −0.003 | 0.275 | 0.162 | 0.269 |
Travel information | ||||
Travel duration (min) | 0.525 *** | 0.131 | 0.452 *** | 0.115 |
Travel distance (km) | −0.026 | 0.025 | 0.001 | 0.058 |
Geographic space | −0.042 | 0.302 | −0.143 | 0.296 |
Substituted modes—Walking/Private bike/Public bike/E-bike/Illegal motor taxi/Others | −0.373 | 0.307 | −0.462 | 0.327 |
Substituted modes—Bus/Subway | 0.106 | 0.284 | −0.005 | 0.305 |
Substituted modes—Private car/Taxi | 0.182 | 0.315 | −0.267 | 0.267 |
Travel motivation—Commuting | 0.146 | 0.333 | −0.1 | 0.409 |
Travel motivation—Non-commuting | 0.074 | 0.305 | −0.093 | 0.378 |
Travel time—Workday—peak hours | 0.793 ** | 0.362 | 1.499 *** | 0.497 |
Travel time—Workday—non-peak hours | 0.392 | 0.382 | 1.825 *** | 0.517 |
Travel time—Weekend/Holidays | 0.558 | 0.383 | 1.408 *** | 0.463 |
Constant | −0.003 | 1.417 | −0.106 | 1.523 |
R-squared | 0.444 | 0.471 |
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Respondents (N = 127) | Percentage (%) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Gender | Male | 70 | 55.12 |
Female | 57 | 44.88 | |
Age | ≤18 | 2 | 1.57 |
19–40 | 111 | 87.40 | |
41–65 | 14 | 11.02 | |
Level of education | Middle school or below | 7 | 5.51 |
Senior high school | 18 | 14.17 | |
Undergraduate school | 93 | 73.23 | |
Graduate school or above | 9 | 7.09 | |
Occupation | Students | 37 | 29.13 |
Government officer | 15 | 11.81 | |
Enterprise employee | 45 | 35.43 | |
Teachers | 5 | 3.94 | |
Retiree | 1 | 0.79 | |
Others | 24 | 18.90 | |
Income level (CNY/month) | ≤3000 | 35 | 27.56 |
3001–6000 | 38 | 29.92 | |
6001–10,000 | 37 | 29.13 | |
>10,000 | 17 | 13.39 |
Items | Variables | Definition and Notes |
---|---|---|
Travel attribute | Substituted modes—Walking/Private bike/Public bike/E-bike/Illegal motor taxi/Others | Yes = 1 No = 0 |
Substituted modes—Bus/Subway | Yes = 1 No = 0 | |
Substituted modes—Private car/Taxi | Yes = 1 No = 0 | |
Travel motivation—Commuting | Yes = 1 No = 0 | |
Travel motivation—Non-commuting | Yes = 1 No = 0 | |
Travel duration (min) | Continuous variable | |
Travel distance (km) | Continuous variable | |
Travel time—Workday—peak hours | Yes = 1 No = 0 | |
Travel time—Workday—non-peak hours | Yes = 1 No = 0 | |
Travel time—Weekend/Holidays | Yes = 1 No = 0 | |
Geographic space | Urban core area = 1 Suburbs = 2 | |
Attitudes and perceptions | Easy to park and pick up | Strongly disagree = 1 Relatively disagree = 2 Not sure = 3 Relatively agree = 4 Strongly agree = 5 |
Low travel cost | Strongly disagree = 1 Relatively disagree = 2 Not sure = 3 Relatively agree = 4 Strongly agree = 5 | |
Convenient payment | Strongly disagree = 1 Relatively disagree = 2 Not sure = 3 Relatively agree = 4 Strongly agree = 5 | |
High security | Strongly disagree = 1 Relatively disagree = 2 Not sure = 3 Relatively agree = 4 Strongly agree = 5 | |
High amenity | Strongly disagree = 1 Relatively disagree = 2 Not sure = 3 Relatively agree = 4 Strongly agree = 5 | |
Basic attribute | Gender | Males = 1 Females = 2 |
Age | Teenagers (≤18) = 1 Adult (19~40) = 2 Middle-aged (41~65) = 3 | |
Educational level | Middle school or below = 1 Senior high school = 2 Undergraduate = 3 Graduate or above = 4 | |
Occupation | Student = 1 Government officer = 2 Enterprise employee = 3 Teacher = 4 Retiree = 5 Others = 6 | |
Monthly income (CNY) | <3000 = 1 3001–6000 = 2 6001–10,000 = 3 >10,000 = 4 | |
Possess urban household registration | Yes = 1 No = 2 | |
Possess driving license | Yes = 1 No = 2 | |
Public bike IC card ownership | Yes = 1 No = 2 | |
Number of household bike(s) | 0 = 1 1 = 2 2 = 3 ≥ 3 = 4 | |
Number of household e-bike(s) | 0 = 1 1 = 2 2 = 3 ≥ 3 = 4 | |
Number of household car(s) | 0 = 1 1 = 2 2 = 3 ≥ 3 = 4 |
Variable | Before COVID-19 | After COVID-19 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
B | S.E. | B | S.E. | |
Preferences | ||||
Easy to park and pick up | 0.456 | 0.298 | 0.161 | 0.318 |
Low travel cost | 0.171 | 0.32 | 0.886 ** | 0.385 |
Convenient payment | 0.073 | 0.318 | −0.58 * | 0.352 |
High security | 0.272 | 0.328 | −0.42 | 0.378 |
High amenity | 0.258 | 0.255 | 0.588 ** | 0.29 |
Basic attribute | ||||
Age | 0.18 | 0.68 | −1.389 * | 0.762 |
Educational level | 0.192 | 0.352 | −0.103 | 0.417 |
Monthly income (CNY) | −0.059 | 0.18 | 0.008 | 0.21 |
Number of household bike(s) | 0.4 | 0.28 | 0.233 | 0.278 |
Number of household e-bike(s) | −0.017 | 0.256 | −0.165 | 0.274 |
Number of household car(s) | −0.162 | 0.299 | 0.402 | 0.331 |
Male | 0.859 * | 0.488 | 0.6 | 0.474 |
Female | 0 a | . | 0 a | . |
Student | −0.784 | 0.653 | −1.001 | 0.765 |
Government officer | 0.604 | 0.873 | 1.712 ** | 0.874 |
Enterprise employee | 0.436 | 0.635 | 1.317 * | 0.722 |
Teacher | 0.91 | 1.128 | 1.477 | 1.197 |
Retiree | −17.667 | 0 | −17.255 | 0 |
Others | 0 a | . | 0 a | . |
Possess urban household registration—Yes | 0.776 * | 0.466 | 0.527 | 0.524 |
Possess urban household registration—No | 0 a | . | 0 a | . |
Possess driving license—Yes | −0.464 | 0.526 | −0.236 | 0.571 |
Possess driving license—No | 0 a | . | 0 a | . |
Public bike IC card ownership—Yes | −0.344 | 0.452 | −0.998 ** | 0.506 |
Public bike IC card ownership—No | 0a | . | 0a | . |
Travel information | ||||
Travel duration(min) | 0.958 *** | 0.229 | 1.109 *** | 0.244 |
Travel distance(km) | −0.018 | 0.044 | −0.057 | 0.1 |
Geographic space—Urban core area | 0.039 | 0.493 | 0.444 | 0.57 |
Geographic space—Suburbs | 0 a | . | 0 a | . |
Substituted modes—Walking/Private bike/Public bike/E-bike/Illegal motor taxi/Others—No | 0.543 | 0.479 | 0.399 | 0.574 |
Substituted modes—Walking/Private bike/Public bike/E-bike/Illegal motor taxi/Others—Yes | 0 a | . | 0 a | . |
Substituted modes—Bus/Subway—No | −0.24 | 0.452 | −1.158 * | 0.595 |
Substituted modes—Bus/Subway—Yes | 0 a | . | 0 a | . |
Substituted modes—Private car/Taxi—No | −0.441 | 0.505 | −0.037 | 0.469 |
Substituted modes—Private car/Taxi—Yes | 0 a | . | 0 a | . |
Travel motivation—Commuting—No | −0.241 | 0.554 | 0.725 | 0.74 |
Travel motivation—Commuting—Yes | 0 a | . | 0 a | . |
Travel motivation—Non-commuting—No | 0.021 | 0.483 | 0.744 | 0.672 |
Travel motivation—Non-commuting—Yes | 0 a | . | 0 a | . |
Travel time—Workday-peak hours—No | −1.119 ** | 0.559 | −2.316 *** | 0.882 |
Travel time—Workday-peak hours—Yes | 0 a | . | 0 a | . |
Travel time—Workday-non-peak hours—No | −0.688 | 0.609 | −3.576 *** | 0.937 |
Travel time—Workday-non-peak hours—Yes | 0 a | . | 0 a | . |
Travel time—Weekend/Holidays—No | −0.689 | 0.598 | −2.267 *** | 0.826 |
Travel time—Weekend/Holidays—Yes | 0a | . | 0a | . |
Cox and Snell | 0.469 | 0.549 | ||
Nagelkerke | 0.490 | 0.583 | ||
McFadden | 0.202 | 0.281 |
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Share and Cite
Xie, X.; Du, M.; Li, X.; Jiang, Y. Exploring Influential Factors of Free-Floating Bike-Sharing Usage Frequency before and after COVID-19. Sustainability 2023, 15, 8710. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15118710
Xie X, Du M, Li X, Jiang Y. Exploring Influential Factors of Free-Floating Bike-Sharing Usage Frequency before and after COVID-19. Sustainability. 2023; 15(11):8710. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15118710
Chicago/Turabian StyleXie, Xinyi, Mingyang Du, Xuefeng Li, and Yunjian Jiang. 2023. "Exploring Influential Factors of Free-Floating Bike-Sharing Usage Frequency before and after COVID-19" Sustainability 15, no. 11: 8710. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15118710