Spatial Distribution Characteristic and Type Classification of Rural Settlements: A Case Study of Weibei Plain, China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Survey of Research Area
2.2. Data Sources and Processing
2.3. Research Methods
2.3.1. Delineation of Rural Settlement Space Zoning
2.3.2. Select Rural Settlement Characteristic Transect Indicators
2.3.3. Construction of Multidimensional Feature Matrix
3. Results
3.1. Analysis of Rural Settlement Space Zoning of Weibei Plain
3.2. Analysis of Characteristic Transect of Rural Settlements in Weibei Plain
3.2.1. Spatial Distribution Measurement Analysis
3.2.2. Spatial Form Measurement Analysis
3.3. Classification of Rural Settlement Pattern in Weibei Plain
3.3.1. WH Transect Rural Settlement Pattern Classification
3.3.2. HY Transect Rural Settlement Pattern Classification
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
- (1)
- The spatial partitioning of rural settlements in the Weibei Plain was finally classified into four categories using landscape security pattern theory calculation and analysis. The number of rural settlements in high- and medium-security patterns accounted for 86.79%, and the overall ecological adaptability was good. Moreover, the ecological background of rural settlements in the southern region was better than that in the northern region, consistent with the current investigation of Weibei Plain.
- (2)
- In the rural settlement space of Weibei Plain, the WH and HY transects were selected according to the results of ecological adaptability zoning; the spatial distribution measure analysis showed that 80% of the rural settlements in the WH transect from west to east had small patch area and small change range, patch density fluctuated, and patch aggregation changed from intensive to discrete. Due to the influence of river runoff, patch connectivity fluctuates greatly. In the HY transect, 70% patch area fluctuated a little and decreased from west to east. Patch density was unimodal; patch aggregation changed from discrete to intensive; patch connectivity was strongly influenced by traffic and was closely connected near roads. According to the analysis of spatial morphology measure, 70% of the patches in the average shape index of the WH transect were irregular and varied greatly, while the rural settlement morphology in the HY transect tended to be similar. The rural settlements in the HY transect are mainly distributed in the gully area of the Loess Plateau, and the topography is severely fragmented, which is higher than that in the WH transect.
- (3)
- According to the characteristic transect analysis results, the WH transect in Weibei Plain was divided into six types and the HY transect was divided into seven types by a multidimensional characteristic matrix. Among them, LSEF and LSAC are the key areas of rural settlement optimization. The local government should adjust to local conditions and orderly carry out village renovation and construction planning according to different types.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Security Source Point | Source Point Identification |
---|---|
Source of Hydrological Security Pattern | 6 Rivers: Weihe River, Jinghe River, Qianhe River, Qishui River, Zero River, and Shichuan River |
10 Reservoirs: Feng Jiashan Reservoir, Wang Jiaya Reservoir, Dongfeng- Reservoir, Bai Digou Reservoir, Disi Reservoir, Guanwu Reservoir, Yang- Maowan Reservoir, Da Beigou Reservoir, Ganhe Reservoir, and Xijiao Reservoir | |
Source of Geological Disaster Security Pattern | 6 Landslides, Collapses and Mudslides: Weibin District, Jintai District and Chencang District in the central part of Baoji City, the southern bank of Jinghe River in Xianyang City, and the loess tableland area of Pucheng County in the northern part of Weinan City. |
Source of Urban Sprawl Security Pattern | 23 Counties and Towns: Sanyuan County, Liquan County, Jingyang County, Qian County, Weicheng District, Mei County, Qindu District, Fuping County, Xingping City, Yanliang district, Yangling District, Fufeng County, Lintong District, Gaoling District, Wugong County, Dali County, Pucheng county, Linwei District, Qishan County, Weibin District, Jintai District, Fengxiang County and Chencang district |
Source of Cultural Heritage Security Pattern | 3 Imperial Mausoleums: Maoling in Xingping City, Zhaoling in Liquan County, and Xianling in Sanyuan County |
2 Temples: Zhougong Temple in Qishan County and Famen Temple in Fufeng County | |
2 ancient ruins: Qin Yongcheng ruins and Zhouyuan ruins. | |
Source of Recreational Space Security Pattern | 4 park scenic spots: Wu Shan Forest Park in Chencang district, Daijiawan Ecological Park in Jintai District, Weihe Wetland Ecological Park in Yangling District, and Yunvtan Scenic Spot in Qishan County |
Indicator Name | Calculation Method | ||
---|---|---|---|
Spatial Distribution Index | Scale Density | Mean Patch Size (MPS) | |
Patch Density (PD) | |||
Aggregation | Mean Nearest-Neighborhood Distance (MNN) | ||
Connectivity | Connectivity (CONNECT) | ni is the number of type i land patches in the area. F is the total land area. | |
Spatial Form Index | Shape | Mean Shape (SHAPE-MN) | Ei is the ratio occupied by landscape patch shape i. |
Fragmentation | Shannon’s Diversity Index (SHDI) | pi is the ratio occupied by landscape patch type i. |
Ecological Suitability Zoning | Area (ha) | Patches Quantity in Rural Settlements | Patches Area of Rural Settlements (ha) | Proportion of Total Patches (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
The High Security Pattern | 127,164 | 2929 | 22,689.16 | 18.25 |
The Middle security Pattern | 882,412 | 11,002 | 89,712.47 | 68.54 |
The Relatively Low Security Pattern | 202,524 | 1849 | 14,186.36 | 11.52 |
The Lowest security Pattern | 286,302 | 271 | 1957.27 | 1.69 |
Transect | Index Area | Spatial Distribution Index | Spatial Form Index | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Scale Density | Aggregation | Connectivity | Shape | Fragmentation | |||
(MPS) | (PD) | (MNN) | (CONNECT) | (SHAPE-MN) | (SHDI) | ||
WH Transect | I (0,15) | 7.0058 | 21.4026 | 51.0641 | 0.952 | 1.2902 | 0.9371 |
II [15,30) | 8.0360 | 16.1341 | 50.2512 | 0.9476 | 1.2595 | 0.9036 | |
III [30,45) | 9.1426 | 12.6938 | 56.1419 | 0.3545 | 1.3214 | 0.5489 | |
IV [45,60) | 8.1746 | 16.629 | 53.0675 | 0.267 | 1.2663 | 0.6419 | |
V [60,75) | 7.9688 | 20.2355 | 50.4927 | 0.6898 | 1.2027 | 0.7885 | |
VI [75,90) | 7.8653 | 21.5189 | 45.6846 | 0.4782 | 1.2261 | 0.7813 | |
VII [90,105) | 8.4858 | 13.7413 | 42.6065 | 0.529 | 1.31 | 0.7555 | |
VIII [105,130) | 8.6914 | 14.0783 | 52.5586 | 0.373 | 1.3434 | 0.6772 | |
IX [130,145) | 8.2019 | 16.5494 | 52.1784 | 0.5777 | 1.2829 | 0.5892 | |
X [145,160) | 8.6200 | 7.5616 | 73.7696 | 0.2089 | 1.3229 | 0.3829 | |
XI [160,175] | 8.9537 | 11.6753 | 69.1115 | 0.0983 | 1.2758 | 0.6134 | |
HY Transect | I [0,15) | 14.6837 | 1.2096 | 111.2703 | 0.3133 | 1.2002 | 0.7394 |
II [15,30) | 9.2682 | 4.0349 | 100.781 | 0.9824 | 1.1851 | 0.737 | |
III [30,45) | 10.9121 | 2.5809 | 94.746 | 0.258 | 1.2525 | 0.8729 | |
IV [45,60) | 9.0624 | 7.506 | 64.1748 | 0.5281 | 1.3871 | 0.8592 | |
V [60,75) | 8.2561 | 15.1017 | 57.2523 | 0.2025 | 1.2565 | 0.8856 | |
VI [75,90) | 7.1684 | 25.6328 | 55.9147 | 0.9823 | 1.2046 | 0.7187 | |
VII [90,105) | 7.0799 | 25.8073 | 55.9153 | 0.1474 | 1.201 | 0.859 | |
VIII [105,130) | 7.3268 | 25.7646 | 46.5722 | 0.1838 | 1.2468 | 0.8922 | |
IX [130,145) | 4.5311 | 31.4878 | 47.7 | 0.2578 | 1.2291 | 0.7942 | |
X [145,160) | 7.4558 | 19.4276 | 54.9818 | 0.1162 | 1.2495 | 0.8477 | |
XI [160,175] | 8.5334 | 9.326 | 70.8449 | 0.1058 | 1.2905 | 0.4834 |
Zoning Type | Patches Quantity | Proportion of Patches Quantity | Average Patch Area (m2) | Average Patch Area Ratio | CONNECT | SHDI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
HSCC | 1301 | 13.93% | 42,376.96 | 43.16% | 0.92 | 0.92 |
MSCC | 4890 | 52.34% | 25,760.78 | 26.23% | 0.78 | 0.78 |
MSEF | 2445 | 26.17% | 11,349.28 | 11.56% | 0.61 | 0.65 |
RLSCC | 411 | 4.40% | 9860.37 | 10.04% | 0.49 | 0.72 |
RLSEF | 205 | 2.19% | 5260.82 | 5.36% | 0.31 | 0.58 |
LSEF | 90 | 0.96% | 3587.76 | 3.65% | 0.19 | 0.39 |
Zoning Type | Patches Quantity | Proportion of Patches Quantity | Average Patch Area (m2) | Average Patch Area Ratio | MNN | SHAPE-MN |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
HSAR | 977 | 14.56% | 33,410.04 | 27.27% | 112.38 | 1.15 |
HSAC | 493 | 7.35% | 28,454.69 | 23.23% | 94.74 | 1.24 |
MSAR | 646 | 9.63% | 25,246.32 | 20.61% | 80.69 | 1.17 |
MSDC | 740 | 11.03% | 15,674.14 | 12.79% | 57.25 | 1.25 |
RLSAC | 535 | 7.97% | 6798.45 | 5.55% | 70.49 | 1.18 |
RLSDC | 2667 | 39.75% | 8887.17 | 7.25% | 50.43 | 1.29 |
LSAC | 651 | 9.70% | 4046.05 | 3.30% | 46.57 | 1.38 |
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Duan, Y.; Chen, S.; Zhang, L.; Wang, D.; Liu, D.; Hou, Q. Spatial Distribution Characteristic and Type Classification of Rural Settlements: A Case Study of Weibei Plain, China. Sustainability 2023, 15, 8736. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15118736
Duan Y, Chen S, Zhang L, Wang D, Liu D, Hou Q. Spatial Distribution Characteristic and Type Classification of Rural Settlements: A Case Study of Weibei Plain, China. Sustainability. 2023; 15(11):8736. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15118736
Chicago/Turabian StyleDuan, Yaqiong, Su Chen, Lingda Zhang, Dan Wang, Dongyang Liu, and Quanhua Hou. 2023. "Spatial Distribution Characteristic and Type Classification of Rural Settlements: A Case Study of Weibei Plain, China" Sustainability 15, no. 11: 8736. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15118736