Sustainable Viticulture in the Valdepeñas Protected Designation of Origin: From Soil Quality to Management in Vitis vinifera
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Vineyard Soil Characteristics
3.2. Vineyard Soil Management; from the Past to the Future through the Present in the Valdepeñas PDO Vineyard Soils
3.3. Future in the Valdepeñas Vineyards and Suitability
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Selected Morphological Properties of The Soil Profiles; Also Coordinates and Classification | ||
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SOIL 1 FAO: Haplic Leptosol (Calcaric, Novic). USDA: Lithic Xerorthent. Coordinate UTM: (30s) 0479718 x − 4294064 y Coordinate GPS: 38°47′42.3″ N–03°14′00.8″ W Morphology: Ap-R Depth: 32 cm Topography: Sloping Drainage: Moderately drained. | SOIL 2 FAO: Petric Calcisol (Chromic, Novic). USDA: Petric Calcixerept. Coordinate UTM: (30s) 0466319 x − 4304034 y Coordinate GPS: 38°53′04″ N–03°23′19.9″ W Morphology: Ap-Bw-Ckm Depth: 32 cm Topography: Flat Drainage: Moderately drained | SOIL 3 FAO: Petri Calcisol (Skeletic, Chromic). USDA: Petrocalcic Calcixerept Coordinate UTM: (30s) 0467476 x − 4303818 y Coordinate GPS: 38°52′57.5″ N–03°22′30.0″ W Morphology: Ap-Ckm Depth: 40 cm Topography: Flat Drainage: Moderately drained |
SOIL 4 FAO: Calcic Luvisol (Rhodic, Novic). USDA: Calcic Rhodoxeralf Coordinate UTM: (30s) 0463824 x − 4306846 y Coordinate GPS: 38°54′35.2″ N–03°25′02.1″ W Morphology: Ap-Bt-Ck Depth: 95 cm Topography: Nearly level Drainage: Moderately drained | SOIL 5 FAO: Calcic Luvisol (Profundic, Rhodic). USDA: Petrocalcic Rhodoxeralf. Coordinate UTM: (30s) 0451259 x − 42906 23 y Coordinate GPS: 38°45′46.2″ N–03° 33′37.3″ W Morphology: Ap-Bt-Bk-Ckm Depth: 116 cm Topography: Sloping Drainage: Well drained | SOIL 6 FAO: Haplic Regosol (Calcaric, Skeletic). USDA: Typic Xerorthent. Coordinate UTM: (30s) 0455514 x − 4291861y Coordinate GPS: 38°46′27.7″ N–03°30′43.7″ W Morphology: Ap-C Depth: 25 cm Topography: Flat Drainage: Moderately drained |
SOIL 7 FAO: Cutanic Luvisol (Rhodic, Novic). USDA: Typic Rhodoxeralf. Coordinate UTM: (30s) 0466042 x − 4277800 y Coordinate GPS: 38°38′53.2″ N–03°23′24.9″ W Morphology: Ap-Bt-C Depth: 77 cm Topography: Flat Drainage: Well drained | SOIL 8 FAO: Calcic Luvisol (Chromic, Novic). USDA: Calcic Rhodoxeralf. Coordinate UTM: (30s) 0471649 x − 4288817 y Coordinate GPS: 38°44′51.1″ N–03°19′34.5″ W Morphology: Ap-Bt-Ck Depth: 78 cm Topography: Nearly level. Drainage: Well drained | SOIL 9 FAO: Haplic Calcisol (Chromic, Novic). USDA: Typic Calcixerept. Coordinate UTM: (30s) 0489166 x − 4296580 y Coordinate GPS: 38°49′04.5″ N–03°07′29.3″ W Morphology: Ap-Bw-Ck Depth: 48 cm Topography: Flat Drainage: Well drained |
SOIL 10 FAO: Haplic Cambisol (Calcaric, Rhodic). USDA: Typic Haploxerept. Coordinate UTM: (30s) 0482521 x − 4296908 y Coordinate GPS: 38°49′14.8″ N–03°12′04.8″ W Morphology: Ap-Bw-C Depth: 72 cm Topography: Nearly level Drainage: Moderately drained |
Sand (%) | Silt (%) | Clay (%) | pH | Organic Carbon (%) | CEC (cmol+·kg−1) | V (%) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Surface Horizon (n = 10) | MEAN | 50.46 | 32.29 | 17.22 | 8.47 | 0.88 | 16.93 | 100 |
CV | 19.41 | 24.88 | 52.99 | 2.36 | 42.11 | 23.1 | 100 | |
MAX | 60.6 | 50.4 | 35.7 | 8.9 | 1.5 | 13.7 | 100 | |
MIN | 31.9 | 21.4 | 6.3 | 8.2 | 0.3 | 16.88 | 0.00 | |
Subsurface Horizon (n = 9) | MEAN | 39.52 | 33.56 | 27.1 | 8.49 | 0.5 | 20.2 | 100 |
CV | 28.69 | 21.83 | 33.26 | 2.92 | 58.55 | 25.8 | 100 | |
MAX | 54.9 | 44.2 | 37.4 | 8.9 | 0.9 | 13.3 | 100 | |
MIN | 26.3 | 20.2 | 13.7 | 8.2 | 0.1 | 19.52 | 0.00 |
Nitrogen (%) | Phosphorus (mg·kg−1) | Potassium (g·kg−1) | Sulfur (g·kg−1) | Copper (mg·kg−1) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Surface Horizon (n = 10) | MEAN | 0.07 | 11.52 | 19.46 | 0.52 | 25.67 |
CV | 0.38 | 0.38 | 0.19 | 0.19 | 0.25 | |
Subsurface Horizon (n = 9) | MEAN | 0.04 | 10.37 | 20.39 | 0.39 | 25.50 |
CV | 0.55 | 0.24 | 0.29 | 0.37 | 0.20 |
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García-Navarro, F.J.; Jiménez-Ballesta, R.; Perales, J.A.L.; Perez, C.; Amorós, J.A.; Bravo, S. Sustainable Viticulture in the Valdepeñas Protected Designation of Origin: From Soil Quality to Management in Vitis vinifera. Sustainability 2023, 15, 9339. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15129339
García-Navarro FJ, Jiménez-Ballesta R, Perales JAL, Perez C, Amorós JA, Bravo S. Sustainable Viticulture in the Valdepeñas Protected Designation of Origin: From Soil Quality to Management in Vitis vinifera. Sustainability. 2023; 15(12):9339. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15129339
Chicago/Turabian StyleGarcía-Navarro, Francisco Jesús, Raimundo Jiménez-Ballesta, Jesús Antonio López Perales, Caridad Perez, Jose Angel Amorós, and Sandra Bravo. 2023. "Sustainable Viticulture in the Valdepeñas Protected Designation of Origin: From Soil Quality to Management in Vitis vinifera" Sustainability 15, no. 12: 9339. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15129339