Sports Management Knowledge, Competencies, and Skills: Focus Groups and Women Sports Managers’ Perceptions
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- First, sound evidence-based knowledge of essential and complementary SM K/C/S in relation to both higher education and labor market perspectives was established [7,8]. During this phase, a rigorous literature search and quality assessment of manuscripts published during the past decade (e.g., 2012–2022) and retrieved on three main databases (e.g., EBSCOhost, Scopus, and Google Scholar) was performed, whose outcomes are presented in a systematic literature review on primary research articles [7] and an umbrella review of systematic and narrative review studies [8];
- Second, the collected information has been harmonized to develop a novel comprehensive SM K/C/S framework, including 70 items extracted and harmonized from the included manuscripts in the systematic [7] and umbrella [8] literature reviews and from the ESCO platform (Figure 2 and Appendix A);
- Third, a participatory approach collecting the views of senior sports managers and potential end-users was deemed relevant to test the soundness of the proposed SM K/C/S framework; and
- Fourth, an exploratory analysis of end-users’ perceived relevance, possess, and need for training in relation to the identified K/C/S was envisioned.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
- Are sports managers aware of the main five layers of the necessary education and training to operate in the sports industry (e.g., BK = Background, foundational necessary knowledge; C = Competencies for tasks management and performance, modulated by previous personal and working experiences; HS = Hard skills, representing the technical know-how; PT/A = Personal traits/attributes, modulating sports managers’ working behavior and performance; SS = Soft skills, representing intra- and inter-personal non-technical skills enhancing employees’ working relationships), which could guide their education/training choices and behaviors in a lifelong learning perspective?
- Do sports managers perceive the relevance of K/C/S in relation to the three main managerial levels (e.g., Entry, Middle, Senior), which could guide their educational focus and needs in relation to their current career stage? and
- Do sports managers perceive the relevancy, possess, and need of training for the identified K/C/S for their professional career in this field?
2.2. Procedures and Data Collection Tools
2.2.1. International Focus Groups
2.2.2. Survey
2.3. Participants
2.4. Data Analysis
2.4.1. Validation of the Framework: Clustering and Sorting Data Analysis
2.4.2. Rating of the Relevance, Possess, and Need for Training: Survey Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Clustering
3.2. Sorting
3.3. Survey
3.3.1. Individual Items
3.3.2. Findings from the Analysis of Clusters Scores
3.3.3. Bivariate Go-Zones
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Label | Items |
Political skills | Item 1 |
Analytical skills | Item 2 |
Business and entrepreneurship | Item 3 |
Communication skills (written/oral) | Item 4 |
Conflict management skills | Item 5 |
Controlling skills | Item 6 |
Cross-cultural competence | Item 7 |
Decision Making skills | Item 8 |
Effective interpersonal communication skills | Item 9 |
Evaluation skills | Item 10 |
Event management | Item 11 |
Facility/operations management | Item 12 |
Finance and administration | Item 13 |
Foreign languages | Item 14 |
Fundraising and grant writing | Item 15 |
Goal orientation-setting | Item 16 |
Human resources | Item 17 |
Information management | Item 18 |
Leadership skills | Item 19 |
Legal knowledge and sport law | Item 20 |
Marketing | Item 21 |
Meetings management | Item 22 |
Networking | Item 23 |
Planning/organization/coordination skills | Item 24 |
Project management | Item 25 |
Problem solving | Item 26 |
Research skills | Item 27 |
Risk management | Item 28 |
Safety/security/health management | Item 29 |
Social skills/People skills | Item 30 |
Sponsorship management | Item 31 |
Stakeholder management | Item 32 |
Strategic management and ability to manage change | Item 33 |
Tasks and resources management | Item 34 |
Technological/digital/social media skills | Item 35 |
Volunteer management | Item 36 |
Corporate Social Responsibility | Item 37 |
History of sport and sport philosophy | Item 38 |
Ability to deal with pressure/stress | Item 39 |
Accountability/responsibility | Item 40 |
Adaptability/flexibility skills | Item 41 |
Appropriate working behavior/professionalism | Item 42 |
Career awareness and planning | Item 43 |
Creativity and innovation | Item 44 |
Critical Thinking | Item 45 |
Education, qualification, academic achievement | Item 46 |
Emotional and interpersonal intelligence | Item 47 |
Ethical behavior/integrity | Item 48 |
General previous work-related experience | Item 49 |
Initiative/proactivity | Item 50 |
Knowledge transfer to practice | Item 51 |
Learning (skills and will) | Item 52 |
Motivation/enthusiasm/Passion | Item 53 |
Personal management | Item 54 |
Practical intelligence | Item 55 |
Respect of hierarchies, role boundaries, and responsibilities | Item 56 |
Sport participation/involvement/knowledge | Item 57 |
Teamwork | Item 58 |
Time management | Item 59 |
Transferable skills | Item 60 |
Working autonomy | Item 61 |
Constant availability | Item 62 |
Delegation skills | Item 63 |
Negotiation skills | Item 64 |
Maturity | Item 65 |
Relatability | Item 66 |
Resilience/perseverance | Item 67 |
Self-confidence | Item 68 |
Social judgment skills | Item 69 |
Social self-efficacy | Item 70 |
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Focus Groups | Survey | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | (n) | (%) | (n) | (%) | |
Country | Italy | 6 | 25.0 | 16 | 44.4 |
Latvia | 6 | 25.0 | 3 | 8.3 | |
Lithuania | 6 | 25.0 | 7 | 19.4 | |
Slovakia | 6 | 25.0 | 10 | 27.8 | |
Age | ≤30 years (Younger) | 11 | 45.8 | 14 | 38.9 |
>30 years (Older) | 13 | 54.2 | 22 | 61.1 | |
Level | Entry | 8 | 33.3 | 13 | 36.1 |
Middle | 10 | 41.7 | 14 | 38.9 | |
Senior | 6 | 25.0 | 9 | 25.0 |
Assigned Clusters | Frequency of Occurrence (%) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Items | First | Second | SS | HS | C | BK | PT |
Ability to deal with pressure/stress | SS | PT | 62.5 | 37.5 | |||
Accountability/responsibility | PT | SS | 33.3 | 11.1 | 55.6 | ||
Adaptability/flexibility skills | SS | PT | 36.4 | 18.2 | 45.5 | ||
Analytical skills | C | HS | 44.4 | 55.6 | |||
Appropriate working behavior/professionalism skills | SS | PT | 75.0 | 25.0 | |||
Business and entrepreneurship | C | K | 10.0 | 40.0 | 40.0 | 10.0 | |
Career awareness and planning skills | SS | C | 62.5 | 37.5 | |||
Communication skills (written/oral) | HS | C | 66.7 | 33.3 | |||
Conflict management skills | SS | C | 50.0 | 50.0 | |||
Constant availability | SS | PT | 60.0 | 40.0 | |||
Controlling skills | C | · | 14.3 | 14.3 | 71.4 | ||
Corporate social responsibility | K | · | 14.3 | 85.7 | |||
Creativity and innovation skills | PT | SS | 28.6 | 71.4 | |||
Critical thinking | SS | · | 87.5 | 12.5 | |||
Cross-cultural competence | C | K | 70.0 | 30.0 | |||
Cultural and social awareness | SS | PT | 50.0 | 10.0 | 40.0 | ||
Decision making skills | C | SS | 25.0 | 75.0 | |||
Delegation skills | SS | PT | 50.0 | 10.0 | 40.0 | ||
Education, qualification, academic achievement | K | HS | 42.9 | 57.1 | |||
Effective interpersonal communication skills (internal/external) | SS | PT | 70.0 | 30.0 | |||
Emotional and interpersonal intelligence skills | SS | PT | 50.0 | 50.0 | |||
Ethical commitment and behavior/integrity | SS | PT | 54.5 | 45.5 | |||
Evaluation skills | C | K | 11.1 | 44.4 | 44.4 | ||
Event management | C | K | 55.6 | 44.4 | |||
Facility/operations management | C | K | 77.8 | 22.2 | |||
Finance and administration management | K | HS | 50.0 | 50.0 | |||
Foreign languages | K | HS | 42.9 | 14.3 | 42.9 | ||
Fundraising and grant writing | C | K | 50.0 | 50.0 | |||
General work-related experience | C | SS | 42.9 | 14.3 | 42.9 | ||
Goal orientation-setting skills | C | SS | 37.5 | 62.5 | |||
Human resources management | K | HS | 30.0 | 10.0 | 60.0 | ||
Information management | C | HS | 44.4 | 55.6 | |||
Initiative/proactivity | PT | SS | 28.6 | 71.4 | |||
Knowledge transfer to practice skills | C | · | 16.7 | 66.7 | 16.7 | ||
Leadership skills | SS | PT | 54.5 | 45.5 | |||
Learning (skills and will) | PT | · | 12.5 | 12.5 | 12.5 | 62.5 | |
Legal knowledge and sports law | K | HS | 33.3 | 66.7 | |||
Marketing knowledge | K | C | 12.5 | 25.0 | 62.5 | ||
Maturity | PT | · | 14.3 | 85.7 | |||
Meetings management | C | SS | 25.0 | 12.5 | 50.0 | 12.5 | |
Motivation/enthusiasm/passion | PT | · | 14.3 | 85.7 | |||
Negotiation skills | SS | PT | 50.0 | 10.0 | 40.0 | ||
Networking | SS | PT | 55.6 | 44.4 | |||
Personal management | SS | PT | 44.4 | 11.1 | 44.4 | ||
Planning/organization/coordination skills | C | HS | 28.6 | 71.4 | |||
Political skills | SS | C | 55.6 | 33.3 | 11.1 | ||
Practical intelligence skills | C | SS | 25.0 | 62.5 | 12.5 | ||
Problem solving skills | C | SS | 25.0 | 62.5 | 12.5 | ||
Project management | C | HS | 37.5 | 50.0 | 12.5 | ||
Relatability | SS | PT | 50.0 | 12.5 | 37.5 | ||
Research skills | HS | K | 42.9 | 14.3 | 42.9 | ||
Resilience/perseverance | PT | · | 14.3 | 85.7 | |||
Respect of hierarchies, role boundaries, and responsibilities | SS | PT | 50.0 | 50.0 | |||
Risk management | C | K | 11.1 | 44.4 | 44.4 | ||
Safety/security/health management | C | HS | 33.3 | 55.6 | 11.1 | ||
Self-confidence | PT | · | 14.3 | 85.7 | |||
Social judgment skills | PT | · | 14.3 | 85.7 | |||
Social self-efficacy | PT | · | 14.3 | 85.7 | |||
Social skills/people skills | SS | PT | 50.0 | 50.0 | |||
Sponsorship management | C | K | 75.0 | 25.0 | |||
Sports history and philosophy | K | · | 100.0 | ||||
Sports participation/involvement/knowledge | K | · | 16.7 | 83.3 | |||
Stakeholder management | C | SS | 28.6 | 57.1 | 14.3 | ||
Strategic management and ability to manage change | K | C | 25.0 | 75.0 | |||
Tasks and resources management | C | HS | 25.0 | 75.0 | |||
Teamwork | SS | PT | 55.6 | 44.4 | |||
Technological/digital/social media skills | HS | K | 71.4 | 28.6 | |||
Time management skills | SS | PT | 71.4 | 28.6 | |||
Transferable skills | C | · | 85.7 | 14.3 | |||
Volunteer management | C | K | 57.1 | 42.9 | |||
Working autonomy skills | SS | PT | 50.0 | 10.0 | 40.0 |
Assigned Clusters | Item | Mean | SD | |
---|---|---|---|---|
BK | History of sports and sports philosophy | 6.0 | ± | 0.0 |
PT & SS | Ability to deal with pressure/stress | 5.8 | ± | 0.4 |
PT & SS | Teamwork | 5.8 | ± | 0.4 |
C & HS | Information management | 5.7 | ± | 0.5 |
C | Knowledge transfer to practice | 5.7 | ± | 0.8 |
BK & HS | Legal knowledge and sports law | 5.7 | ± | 0.8 |
C & HS | Tasks and resources management | 5.7 | ± | 0.5 |
C | Transferable skills | 5.7 | ± | 0.5 |
PT & SS | Adaptability/flexibility skills | 5.7 | ± | 0.5 |
PT & SS | Effective interpersonal communication skills | 5.7 | ± | 0.5 |
BK & HS | Education, qualification, academic achievement | 5.5 | ± | 0.8 |
BK & HS | Finance and administration management | 5.5 | ± | 0.8 |
BK & HS | Research skills | 5.5 | ± | 0.8 |
C & HS | Communication skills (written/oral) | 5.5 | ± | 0.5 |
PT & SS | Accountability/responsibility | 5.5 | ± | 0.8 |
PT & SS | Initiative/proactivity | 5.5 | ± | 0.5 |
PT | Motivation/enthusiasm/passion | 5.5 | ± | 0.8 |
PT & SS | Respect of hierarchies, role boundaries, and responsibilities | 5.5 | ± | 0.8 |
PT & SS | Delegation skills | 5.5 | ± | 0.5 |
PT | Resilience/perseverance | 5.5 | ± | 0.8 |
PT | Self-confidence | 5.5 | ± | 0.8 |
C | Controlling skills | 5.3 | ± | 0.8 |
C & SS | Decision-making skills | 5.3 | ± | 0.8 |
BK & HS | Foreign languages | 5.3 | ± | 1.2 |
C & HS | Safety/security/health management | 5.3 | ± | 0.8 |
BK & C | Sponsorship management | 5.3 | ± | 0.8 |
PT & SS | Appropriate working behavior/professionalism | 5.3 | ± | 0.8 |
PT | Social self-efficacy | 5.3 | ± | 0.5 |
PT & SS | Networking | 5.3 | ± | 0.8 |
C & HS | Analytical skills | 5.2 | ± | 1.0 |
BK & C | Marketing | 5.2 | ± | 1.2 |
BK & C | Risk management | 5.2 | ± | 1.0 |
PT & SS | Creativity and innovation | 5.2 | ± | 1.0 |
PT & SS | Emotional and interpersonal intelligence | 5.2 | ± | 0.8 |
PT & SS | Leadership skills | 5.2 | ± | 1.2 |
PT & SS | Negotiation skills | 5.2 | ± | 0.8 |
PT | Maturity | 5.2 | ± | 1.0 |
PT & SS | Relatability | 5.2 | ± | 1.0 |
BK & C | Facility/operations management | 5.0 | ± | 0.9 |
BK & C | Fundraising and grant writing | 5.0 | ± | 0.9 |
C & SS | Goal orientation-setting | 5.0 | ± | 0.6 |
C & SS | Meetings management | 5.0 | ± | 1.3 |
C & HS | Project management | 5.0 | ± | 0.9 |
C & SS | Problem solving | 5.0 | ± | 1.1 |
BK & C | Strategic management and ability to manage change | 5.0 | ± | 1.3 |
BK & HS | Technological/digital/social media skills | 5.0 | ± | 1.5 |
C & SS | Career awareness and planning | 5.0 | ± | 0.9 |
SS | Critical thinking | 5.0 | ± | 1.1 |
PT & SS | Ethical behavior/integrity | 5.0 | ± | 0.9 |
PT & SS | Time management | 5.0 | ± | 0.6 |
PT & SS | Working autonomy | 5.0 | ± | 0.6 |
BK & C | Business and entrepreneurship | 4.8 | ± | 1.5 |
BK | Specific knowledge of the sports context | 4.8 | ± | 1.6 |
PT | Learning (skills and will) | 4.8 | ± | 1.3 |
PT | Social judgment skills | 4.8 | ± | 0.8 |
PT & SS | Personal management | 4.7 | ± | 1.0 |
C & SS | Conflict management skills | 4.5 | ± | 1.6 |
BK & C | Evaluation skills | 4.5 | ± | 1.0 |
C & SS | General work-related experience | 4.5 | ± | 1.0 |
C & HS | Planning/organization/coordination skills | 4.5 | ± | 0.8 |
C & SS | Political skills | 4.3 | ± | 1.2 |
BK & C | Event management | 4.3 | ± | 1.2 |
BK & C | Volunteer management | 4.3 | ± | 1.6 |
PT & SS | Constant availability | 4.3 | ± | 1.0 |
BK | Corporate Social Responsibility | 4.2 | ± | 1.2 |
C & SS | Practical intelligence | 4.0 | ± | 1.4 |
C & SS | Stakeholder management | 4.0 | ± | 0.6 |
C & SS | Cross-cultural competence | 3.8 | ± | 1.5 |
BK & C | Human resources management | 3.7 | ± | 1.6 |
Recorded Items for Level | Major Clusters | Items (n) | Items with ≥ 3 Citations | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
BK | 4 | Learning (skills and will) | Initiative, proactivity | Personal management | |
C | 7 | Motivation, enthusiasm, passion | Appropriate working behavior, professionalism skills | Respect for hierarchies, role boundaries, and responsibilities | |
Entry n = 37 | HS | 5 | Education, qualification, academic achievement | Communication skills (written/oral) | Social skills/people skills |
PT | 3 | Adaptability, flexibility skills | Accountability, responsibility | Teamwork | |
SS | 18 | Technological, digital, social media skills | Creativity and innovation skills | Working autonomy skills | |
BK | 8 | Analytical skills | Human resources | ||
C | 18 | Project management | Controlling skills | ||
Middle n = 48 | HS | 4 | Problem solving skills | Time management skills | |
PT | 2 | Event management | |||
SS | 16 | Finance and administration | |||
BK | 8 | Strategic management and change management | Planning, organization, coordination skills | Motivation, enthusiasm, passion | |
C | 13 | Political skills | Ability to deal with pressure/stress | Conflict management skills | |
Senior n = 38 | HS | 2 | Leadership skills | Accountability, responsibility | Critical thinking |
PT | 1 | Finance and administration | Decision-making skills | Networking | |
SS | 14 | Human resources | Risk management | Teamwork |
Managerial Levels | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Major Cluster—Item | Entry (pt.) | Middle (pt.) | Senior (pt.) | ||||||
BK—Human resources | 3.4 | ± | 1.4 | 4.6 | ± | 1.3 | 4.8 | ± | 1.5 |
BK—Marketing | 4.6 | ± | 1.0 | 4.8 | ± | 1.2 | 5.6 | ± | 0.5 |
BK—Sports knowledge | 5.0 | ± | 0.9 | 5.1 | ± | 1.0 | 5.9 | ± | 0.3 |
C—Evaluation skills | 4.2 | ± | 1.0 | 5.1 | ± | 0.8 | 5.5 | ± | 1.4 |
C—Practical intelligence skills | 4.5 | ± | 1.3 | 5.2 | ± | 0.7 | 5.6 | ± | 0.9 |
HS—Communication skills (written/oral) | 4.6 | ± | 0.8 | 5.8 | ± | 0.4 | 5.7 | ± | 0.6 |
HS—Foreign languages | 5.3 | ± | 1.0 | 5.7 | ± | 0.6 | 5.8 | ± | 0.6 |
PT—Motivation/enthusiasm/passion | 5.7 | ± | 0.9 | 5.2 | ± | 0.8 | 5.6 | ± | 0.9 |
SS—Ability to deal with pressure/stress | 4.5 | ± | 0.9 | 5.7 | ± | 0.5 | 5.8 | ± | 0.6 |
SS—Accountability/responsibility | 4.8 | ± | 1.2 | 5.6 | ± | 0.7 | 5.8 | ± | 0.6 |
SS—Adaptability/flexibility skills | 4.8 | ± | 0.8 | 5.7 | ± | 0.6 | 5.8 | ± | 0.4 |
SS—Appropriate working behavior/professionalism skills | 5.2 | ± | 0.9 | 5.8 | ± | 0.4 | 5.9 | ± | 0.3 |
SS—Creativity and innovation skills | 4.5 | ± | 1.4 | 5.4 | ± | 0.7 | 5.0 | ± | 1.0 |
SS—Critical thinking | 4.2 | ± | 0.9 | 5.3 | ± | 0.6 | 5.8 | ± | 0.8 |
SS—Emotional and interpersonal intelligence skills | 4.4 | ± | 0.9 | 5.4 | ± | 0.8 | 5.1 | ± | 1.0 |
SS—Ethical behavior/integrity | 4.6 | ± | 0.9 | 5.5 | ± | 0.8 | 5.8 | ± | 0.4 |
SS—Networking | 4.2 | ± | 1.1 | 5.6 | ± | 0.8 | 5.8 | ± | 0.6 |
SS—Social skills/people skills | 4.9 | ± | 1.0 | 5.7 | ± | 0.5 | 5.4 | ± | 0.5 |
SS—Teamwork | 5.5 | ± | 1.0 | 5.8 | ± | 0.4 | 5.8 | ± | 0.6 |
BK—Education, qualification, academic achievement | 5.0 | ± | 1.3 | 5.5 | ± | 0.9 | |||
C—General work-related experience | 4.6 | ± | 1.4 | 5.2 | ± | 0.9 | |||
C—Knowledge transfer to practice skills | 4.4 | ± | 1.3 | 5.2 | ± | 1.1 | |||
C—Volunteer management | 3.5 | ± | 1.3 | 5.2 | ± | 0.7 | |||
HS—Information management | 5.0 | ± | 1.3 | 5.7 | ± | 0.5 | |||
HS—Research skills | 4.7 | ± | 1.5 | 5.3 | ± | 0.6 | |||
PT—Initiative/proactivity | 5.3 | ± | 0.9 | 5.2 | ± | 0.6 | |||
SS—Effective interpersonal communication skills | 4.8 | ± | 1.1 | 5.7 | ± | 0.6 | |||
SS—Time management skills | 5.1 | ± | 1.0 | 5.5 | ± | 0.7 | |||
SS—Working autonomy skills | 4.8 | ± | 1.0 | 5.2 | ± | 0.8 | |||
C—Goal orientation-setting skills | 4.5 | ± | 1.3 | 5.7 | ± | 0.9 | |||
BK—Business and entrepreneurship | 4.8 | ± | 1.1 | 5.6 | ± | 0.5 | |||
BK—Event management | 4.9 | ± | 1.3 | 5.6 | ± | 0.5 | |||
BK—Finance and administration | 4.9 | ± | 1.1 | 5.7 | ± | 0.6 | |||
BK—Legal knowledge and sports law | 4.8 | ± | 1.1 | 5.7 | ± | 0.5 | |||
C—Analytical skills | 4.9 | ± | 1.2 | 5.6 | ± | 1.4 | |||
C—Controlling skills | 5.0 | ± | 0.9 | 5.8 | ± | 0.4 | |||
C—Decision making skills | 5.2 | ± | 0.8 | 5.9 | ± | 0.3 | |||
C—Planning/organization/coordination skills | 5.2 | ± | 0.6 | 5.8 | ± | 0.6 | |||
C—Problem solving skills | 5.1 | ± | 1.0 | 5.8 | ± | 0.6 | |||
C—Project management | 5.2 | ± | 1.1 | 5.3 | ± | 0.9 | |||
C—Risk management | 5.0 | ± | 0.8 | 5.8 | ± | 0.4 | |||
C—Stakeholder management | 4.8 | ± | 0.8 | 5.7 | ± | 0.9 | |||
C—Tasks and resources management | 5.2 | ± | 0.9 | 5.5 | ± | 0.7 | |||
C—Transferable skills | 4.8 | ± | 0.9 | 5.4 | ± | 0.9 | |||
SS—Conflict management skills | 5.4 | ± | 0.5 | 5.8 | ± | 0.8 | |||
SS—Leadership skills | 5.8 | ± | 0.4 | 5.8 | ± | 0.8 |
Item | Level | Score (pt.) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
C—Cross-cultural competence | Entry | 3.8 | ± | 0.7 |
HS—Technological/digital/social media skills | Entry | 4.7 | ± | 1.0 |
PT—Learning (skills and will) | Entry | 4.5 | ± | 1.0 |
SS—Career awareness and planning skills | Entry | 4.3 | ± | 0.8 |
SS—Meetings management | Entry | 4.5 | ± | 1.3 |
SS—Personal management | Entry | 4.2 | ± | 1.2 |
SS—Respect of hierarchies, roles, and responsibilities | Entry | 5.2 | ± | 1.0 |
C—Facility/operations management | Middle | 4.9 | ± | 1.0 |
C—Fundraising and grant writing | Middle | 4.8 | ± | 1.1 |
C—Sponsorship management | Middle | 4.7 | ± | 1.0 |
BK—Strategic management and ability to manage change | Senior | 5.9 | ± | 0.3 |
SS—Political skills | Senior | 5.5 | ± | 0.9 |
Significant Correlations (p ≤ 0.01) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Label | Items | R-P | R-NT | P-NT |
Controlling skills | Item 6 | 0.836 * | ||
Cross-cultural competence | Item 7 | 0.714 * | ||
Foreign languages | Item 14 | 0.774 * | ||
Education, qualification, academic achievement | Item 46 | 0.772 * | NA | NA |
Learning (skills and will) | Item 52 | 0.703 * | NA | NA |
Motivation/enthusiasm/passion | Item 53 | 0.750 * | NA | NA |
Personal management | Item 54 | 0.794 * | NA | NA |
Sports knowledge | Item 57 | 0.744 * | NA | NA |
Teamwork | Item 58 | 0.804 * | NA | NA |
Age | Level | ||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cluster | Overall | Younger | Older | Entry | Middle | Senior | |||||||||||||
BK | R | 4.5 | ± | 0.8 | 4.7 | ± | 0.7 | 4.4 | ± | 0.9 | 4.6 | ± | 0.6 | 4.6 | ± | 1.0 | 4.2 | ± | 0.9 |
P | 3.7 | ± | 0.9 | 4.0 | ± | 0.9 | 3.6 | ± | 0.9 | 3.9 | ± | 1.0 | 3.6 | ± | 0.8 | 3.8 | ± | 0.8 | |
NT | 4.8 | ± | 0.9 | 4.8 | ± | 0.9 | 4.7 | ± | 1.0 | 4.9 | ± | 1.1 | 4.6 | ± | 0.9 | 4.8 | ± | 0.7 | |
C | R | 4.7 | ± | 0.8 | 4.7 | ± | 0.8 | 4.6 | ± | 0.8 | 4.8 | ± | 0.8 | 4.7 | ± | 0.7 | 4.5 | ± | 0.9 |
P | 4.2 | ± | 0.7 | 4.3 | ± | 0.8 | 4.2 | ± | 0.7 | 4.4 | ± | 0.9 | 4.0 | ± | 0.6 | 4.4 | ± | 0.6 | |
NT | 4.6 | ± | 0.9 | 4.8 | ± | 0.9 | 4.6 | ± | 0.8 | 4.9 | ± | 1.0 | 4.5 | ± | 0.8 | 4.6 | ± | 0.7 | |
HS | R | 4.5 | ± | 0.9 | 4.5 | ± | 0.9 | 4.5 | ± | 1.0 | 4.3 | ± | 0.7 | 4.8 | ± | 1.0 | 4.5 | ± | 1.1 |
P | 3.9 | ± | 0.9 | 3.9 | ± | 0.8 | 4.0 | ± | 0.9 | 3.8 | ± | 1.0 | 3.9 | ± | 0.7 | 4.3 | ± | 1.0 | |
NT | 4.5 | ± | 1.0 | 4.6 | ± | 1.1 | 4.5 | ± | 0.9 | 4.7 | ± | 1.1 | 4.3 | ± | 1.0 | 4.7 | ± | 0.7 | |
IND | R | 4.4 | ± | 0.8 | 4.2 | ± | 1.0 | 4.6 | ± | 0.7 | 4.3 | ± | 1.1 | 4.6 | ± | 0.6 | 4.4 | ± | 0.7 |
P | 4.5 | ± | 0.8 | 4.3 | ± | 1.0 | 4.7 | ± | 0.7 | 4.4 | ± | 1.1 | 4.6 | ± | 0.6 | 4.6 | ± | 0.7 | |
NT | 4.7 | ± | 0.9 | 4.7 | ± | 0.9 | 4.7 | ± | 0.9 | 4.9 | ± | 0.9 | 4.6 | ± | 0.8 | 4.6 | ± | 0.9 |
Variables | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | IND_ R | IND_ P | IND_ NT | C_ R | C_ P | C_ NT | HS_ R | HS_ P | HS_ NT | BK_ R | BK_ P | BK_ NT | |
IND_R | CC | 0.873 ** | |||||||||||
p | 0.000 | ||||||||||||
IND_NT | CC | 0.844 ** | 0.755 ** | 0.816 ** | |||||||||
p | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | ||||||||||
C_R | CC | 0.733 ** | 0.830 ** | ||||||||||
p | 0.000 | 0.000 | |||||||||||
C_P | CC | 0.712 ** | |||||||||||
p | 0.000 | ||||||||||||
C_NT | CC | 0.865 ** | 0.917 ** | ||||||||||
p | 0.000 | 0.000 | |||||||||||
HS_R | CC | 0.774 ** | |||||||||||
p | 0.000 | ||||||||||||
HS_P | CC | 0.775 ** | |||||||||||
p | 0.000 | ||||||||||||
HS_NT | CC | 0.815 ** | |||||||||||
p | 0.000 |
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© 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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Guidotti, F.; Demarie, S.; Ciaccioni, S.; Capranica, L. Sports Management Knowledge, Competencies, and Skills: Focus Groups and Women Sports Managers’ Perceptions. Sustainability 2023, 15, 10335. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151310335
Guidotti F, Demarie S, Ciaccioni S, Capranica L. Sports Management Knowledge, Competencies, and Skills: Focus Groups and Women Sports Managers’ Perceptions. Sustainability. 2023; 15(13):10335. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151310335
Chicago/Turabian StyleGuidotti, Flavia, Sabrina Demarie, Simone Ciaccioni, and Laura Capranica. 2023. "Sports Management Knowledge, Competencies, and Skills: Focus Groups and Women Sports Managers’ Perceptions" Sustainability 15, no. 13: 10335. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151310335