The Industrialisation of Sustainable Construction: A Transdisciplinary Approach to the Large-Scale Introduction of Compacted Mineral Mixtures (CMMs) into Building Construction
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- To advocate for the utilisation of earth-based materials as alternatives to conventional construction resources, thereby promoting sustainable building practices (Figure 1).
- To formulate and scrutinise the performance of circular, low-carbon construction materials and methods, collectively termed Compacted Mineral Mixtures (CMMs), which offer environmentally friendly alternatives with the potential for widespread adoption.
- To capitalise on digital technologies, particularly Building Information Modelling (BIM) and the Urban Mining Platform (UMP). These tools enhance material optimisation, minimise waste, and amplify overall efficiency in the construction process.
- To encourage the implementation of automation and robotics within the construction industry, aiming to increase productivity and reduce human-related errors.
- To facilitate open-source knowledge sharing and capacity building via educational programs, training opportunities, and collaborative engagements. This transdisciplinary approach should foster a community-wide understanding and acceptance of the proposed sustainable construction methodologies.
2. Revolutionising Traditional Construction: Integrating Advanced Methods for Scalability, Efficiency, and Sustainability
2.1. Motivation, Scientific Goals, and Scientific Innovation Potential
2.2. Agile Research and Transdisciplinary Organisation: An Iterative and Adaptive Approach to Construction Innovation
2.3. Material Selection, Characterisation, Quality Control, and Procurement: A Co-Creative Approach towards Sustainable Construction Materials
- Extensive field and lab testing to gather accurate and diverse data on the behaviours of various CMM materials under different conditions. Such tests could include uniaxial compression tests, triaxial shear tests, and direct shear tests, among others, conducted under varying load rates and over different periods.
- Collaboration with research institutions and industry partners can help expand the database by including data from different geographical locations and different types of projects. This would help enrich the database with diverse sets of data on various types of soil and additive.
- Inclusion of existing research data, as we propose the incorporation of relevant findings from existing research studies, such as those highlighted by reviewers, into the database. This approach can help capture the impacts of factors such as hardening characteristics and loading rate dependencies on the mechanical behaviours of various materials.
- Strength and deformation tests: These include triaxial compression tests, direct shear tests, and unconfined compression tests, which would aim to determine the shear strength parameters (cohesion and angle of internal friction) and the compressive strengths of the compacted specimens. Additionally, we would employ oedometer tests to analyse the compressibility and consolidation characteristics.
- Permeability tests: These involve constant and falling head tests for determining the hydraulic conductivities of CMMs. These test results would be crucial in assessing the materials’ suitability for applications requiring specific levels of permeability or impermeability.
- Durability tests: Beyond the previously stated cyclic wetting and drying tests, cyclic freezing–thawing tests, and erosion tests, we would also conduct slake durability tests and weathering tests. These assessments would simulate the long-term impacts of environmental factors on CMM structures.
- Specialised tests: These tests would be employed to analyse specific characteristics of biopolymer-modified CMMs. For example, Atterberg limit tests can provide insights into the plasticity changes brought about by biopolymers. Additionally, spectroscopic and microscopic analyses (like FTIR, XRD, SEM) may be employed to better understand the physicochemical interactions and the microstructure of the modified soil.
- Data-Driven Modelling: With advancements in machine learning and AI, data-driven models, such as neural networks and support vector machines, have shown promising results in predicting complex soil behaviours. We plan to use the wealth of data generated from our extensive testing regimen to train such models that can predict the behaviour of CMMs under various conditions with high accuracy.
- Hybrid Modelling: Considering the merits of traditional constitutive models, we aimed to develop hybrid models that would integrate empirical relationships derived from traditional models with the flexibility and adaptability of data-driven models. This approach allowed us to leverage the strengths of both methodologies and enabled us to handle the heterogeneity and complexity of RE materials more effectively.
- Incorporation of Time-Dependent and Environmental Factors: Our proposed models will account for factors such as time-dependent strength and deformability changes, ageing effects, and responses to environmental factors such as moisture content and freeze–thaw cycles. This comprehensive approach will help us predict the long-term performances of CMM structures.
2.4. Harnessing the Urban Mining Platform (UMP) for Streamlined Procurement, Material Optimisation, and Sustainable Practices in Construction
2.5. Transfer Strategy, Transfer Activities, Networking, and Utilisation
2.6. Rough Estimate of Potential CO2 or Raw Material Savings
2.7. Aspired Application Possibilities
3. State of Research and Technology
3.1. Significant National and International Developments in the Relevant Research Area
3.1.1. Sustainable Construction Material
3.1.2. Standardisation
3.1.3. Digitalisation and Open Source
3.1.4. Transformative Knowledge Production
3.2. Inter/National Important and/or Competing Research Groups in Relevant Field(s)
4. Research Data Concept
Concepts for Handling the Research Data
5. Long-Term Perspective and Scientific Outlook
5.1. Concrete Measures for Continuity
5.2. Added Value for the Strategy and Research Profile of the University
6. Industry Transfer and Scalability
6.1. Social Relevance of the Proposed Project
6.2. Economic Relevance of the Proposed Concept
7. Discussion
8. Validity and Limitations of the Proposed Framework in Developing Countries
8.1. Economic Constraints
8.2. Managerial Constraints
8.3. Addressing the Limitations
9. Conclusions
- Investigating the long-term performance and durability of sustainable construction materials and innovative building techniques in different climatic conditions and contexts;
- Exploring the social, cultural, and psychological factors that influence the adoption of sustainable construction practices and materials in various communities;
- Assessing the effectiveness of educational and training programs in driving the adoption of sustainable construction practices among diverse stakeholders;
- Investigating the potential barriers to the widespread adoption of digital technologies in the construction industry and developing strategies for overcoming these challenges;
- Examining policy and regulatory frameworks that can support and incentivise the adoption of sustainable construction practices and circular economy principles in the construction sector.
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Material | Unit | Production (A1–A3) | Demolition (C1) | Transport (C2) | Disposal (C3) | Recycling Potential (D) | Total Global Warming Potential |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rammed Earth | kg CO2/m3 | 9.3 | 1.6 | 6.0 | 6.8 | −2.9 | 20.8 |
Clay Plaster | kg CO2/m3 | 93.2 | no data | 2.5 | 2.8 | −3.9 | 94.6 |
Compressed Earth Brick | kg CO2/m3 | 93.6 | no data | 3.6 | 4.1 | −1.8 | 99.6 |
Gypsum Plaster | kg CO2/m3 | 119.4 | no data | 2.9 | 13.5 | no data | 122.8 |
Burnt Clay Brick | kg CO2/m3 | 138.3 | 0.3 | 3.2 | 0.3 | −7.0 | 135.2 |
Sand-Lime Brick | kg CO2/m3 | 136.0 | no data | no data | no data | no data | no data |
Concrete | kg CO2/m3 | 197.0 | 3.1 | 12.0 | 6.0 | −21.4 | 196.7 |
Concrete Brick | kg CO2/m3 | 242.4 | 1.3 | 5.1 | 13.5 | 4.1 | 258.2 |
Lime-Cement Plaster | kg CO2/m3 | 356.6 | no data | 5.8 | 27.0 | no data | 389.4 |
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Material | Unit | Production (A1–A3) | Demolition (C1) | Transport (C2) | Disposal (C3) | Recycling Potential (D) | Total Global Warming Potential |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rammed Earth | kg CO2/m3 | 9.3 | 1.6 | 6.0 | 6.8 | −2.9 | 20.8 |
Concrete Brick | kg CO2/m3 | 242.4 | 1.3 | 5.1 | 13.5 | 4.1 | 258.2 |
Data | Handling Concept |
---|---|
Collection and Documentation | Primary and secondary data collection, such as experiments, simulations, surveys, and interviews. Documentation of all data, applying standardised metadata formats and ensuring consistency, comparability, and rigor analysis. |
Storage and Security | Data being securely stored on the university’s centralised data storage system or a trusted external data repository in accordance with the DFG Code of Good Scientific Practice 2019. Access being controlled through user authentication and authorisation mechanisms, ensuring confidentiality. |
Backup and Preservation | Regular backups that would prevent data loss and long-term data preservation strategies that would ensure the availability of research data beyond this project’s duration. Data repository or storage solutions that would adhere to established data preservation standards and best practices. |
Sharing and Access | Research data being shared with project members and, where appropriate, external collaborators throughout this project. Upon completion of this project, data being made publicly available through trusted data repository or open-access platform(s). |
Licensing and Reuse | Research data being made available under open data licenses, such as Creative Commons or similar licenses, that encourage reuse and sharing while providing appropriate attribution to original data creators. |
Compliance | The handling of research data adhering to all applicable ethical guidelines and legal requirements, such as data protection regulations, intellectual property rights, and informed consent from research participants. The research team consulting with the university’s ethics committee or legal department as needed to ensure compliance with these guidelines and requirements. |
Area | Description |
---|---|
Real-World Impact and Social Responsibility | Focusing on transferable, applied, circular, and sustainable solutions to decarbonise and minimise emissions in the construction industry, our proposed concept supports the university’s commitment to addressing real-world challenges in co-creating knowledge and solutions to achieve social and environmental sustainability. |
Research Excellence | Conducting cutting-edge inter/national research of sustainable construction materials, digitalisation, and transformative knowledge production, our proposed concept will contribute to enhancing the university’s research profile, reputation for research excellence, and visibility in academia and the industry. This will lead to attraction of top-tier researchers, students, and funding opportunities, further bolstering the university’s status as a leading applied research institution. |
Educational Opportunities and Workforce Development | Creating open-source access for knowledge sharing, continued knowledge creation and learning, and professionalisation, our proposed concept will also create a meaningful basis for new educational programs and training opportunities with broad outreach potential and transferability into different sectors on various scales, reinforcing the university’s commitment to workforce development and lifelong learning. |
Economic Development and Industry Partnerships | Driving innovation and growth in the sustainable construction sector will strengthen the university’s relationships with industry partners, contributing to regional economic development. This will enhance the university’s reputation as a valuable partner in promoting sustainable economic growth. |
Global Social Challenge | Description |
---|---|
Affordable Housing | CMMs and innovative construction methods will provide cost-effective solutions that will ensure access to safe, decent, and affordable housing for all (UN 2021). |
Community Resilience and Cultural Preservation | CMMs are locally sourced, reducing transportation costs and emissions as well as promoting local economies and community resilience. The use of traditional building techniques will preserve local cultural heritage and foster senses of community identity and pride. |
Education and Knowledge Dissemination | The development of new open-source educational programs and training opportunities in sustainable construction and building practices will empower individuals and communities to make informed decisions to contribute towards more sustainable built-environment technology. |
Health and Well-Being | CMMs contribute to healthier indoor environments with improved air quality, thermal comfort, and humidity regulation, reducing long-term respiratory health issues and other health problems associated with poor indoor air quality. |
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Share and Cite
Bühler, M.M.; Hollenbach, P.; Michalski, A.; Meyer, S.; Birle, E.; Off, R.; Lang, C.; Schmidt, W.; Cudmani, R.; Fritz, O.; et al. The Industrialisation of Sustainable Construction: A Transdisciplinary Approach to the Large-Scale Introduction of Compacted Mineral Mixtures (CMMs) into Building Construction. Sustainability 2023, 15, 10677. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151310677
Bühler MM, Hollenbach P, Michalski A, Meyer S, Birle E, Off R, Lang C, Schmidt W, Cudmani R, Fritz O, et al. The Industrialisation of Sustainable Construction: A Transdisciplinary Approach to the Large-Scale Introduction of Compacted Mineral Mixtures (CMMs) into Building Construction. Sustainability. 2023; 15(13):10677. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151310677
Chicago/Turabian StyleBühler, Michael Max, Pia Hollenbach, Alexander Michalski, Sonja Meyer, Emanuel Birle, Rebecca Off, Christina Lang, Wolfram Schmidt, Roberto Cudmani, Oliver Fritz, and et al. 2023. "The Industrialisation of Sustainable Construction: A Transdisciplinary Approach to the Large-Scale Introduction of Compacted Mineral Mixtures (CMMs) into Building Construction" Sustainability 15, no. 13: 10677. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151310677