Hydrochars Derived from Spent Coffee Grounds as Zn Bio-Chelates for Agronomic Biofortification
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Spent Coffee Grounds, Soil, and Lettuce
2.2. Hydrochars Production via Hydrothermal Carbonization
2.3. Bio-Chelates
2.4. Experimental Design
- (1)
- Fixed Zn concentration of 10 mg kg−1 soil from the functionalized bio-products (assay Zn-1).
- (2)
- Fixed 0.5% dose of bio-product corresponding to 2 g per pot, regardless of Zn content (assay Zn-2).
- Control A: soil containing NPK alone.
- Control B: a commercial chelate at a concentration of 10 mg kg−1 soil.
2.5. Analytical Procedures
2.6. Efficiency Evaluation
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Characteristics of Assayed By-Products
3.2. Effects on Soil Fertility Properties
3.3. Effects on Plant Growth
3.4. Agronomic Biofortification of Zn. Evaluation Parameters
3.5. Relationship between Examined Variables
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Bio-Product | pH | EC25 (dS m−1) | P av. (ppm) | K av. (ppm) | TP (mg GAE g−1) | Zn Content (ppm) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Non-Func. | Func. | ||||||||
SCG | 5.43 | 9.01 | 666.15 | 3706.07 | 10.23 | 10.16 | 6009 | ||
H160 | 4.60 | 4.34 | 540.24 | 684.11 | 14.08 | 10.05 | 1748 | ||
H200 | 3.89 | 4.17 | 324.23 | 506.99 | 36.42 | 11.65 | 332 | ||
Bio-product | Elemental analysis (%) | C/N | Proximate analysis (%) | ||||||
C | N | H | O * | Fixed carbon | Volatile matter | Ash content | Moisture | ||
SCG | 47.96 | 2.29 | 7.58 | 42.17 | 20.94 | 13.97 | 84.55 | 1.45 | 7.53 |
H160 | 52.01 | 2.21 | 8.08 | 37.70 | 23.53 | 13.45 | 86.10 | 0.41 | 3.58 |
H200 | 62.57 | 2.47 | 7.62 | 27.34 | 25.33 | 26.02 | 73.42 | 0.54 | 3.46 |
Bio-Product | Specific Surface Area (m² g−1) | Total Vol in Pores (cm³ g−1) | Total Area in Pores (m² g−1) |
---|---|---|---|
SCG | 0.503 | 0.00084 | 0.248 |
H160 | 1.041 | 0.00162 | 0.512 |
H200 | 15.942 | 0.06485 | 9.348 |
Sample | pH | EC25 (dS/m) | OC (%) |
---|---|---|---|
Control A | 8.37 ± 0.05 fg | 0.79 ± 0.05 ab | 1.10 ± 0.07 a |
Control B | 8.31 ± 0.02 efg | 0.88 ± 0.07 ab | 1.02 ± 0.08 a |
SCG-1 | 8.26 ± 0.12 cdef | 0.82 ± 0.13 ab | 1.25 ± 0.25 a |
H160-1 | 8.18 ± 0.03 cd | 0.90 ± 0.07 ab | 1.32 ± 0.10 a |
H200-1 | 7.75 ± 0.03 a | 1.39 ± 0.15 d | 2.96 ± 0.43 b |
SCG-Zn-1 | 8.19 ± 0.02 cd | 0.90 ± 0.09 ab | 1.14 ± 0.04 a |
H160-Zn-1 | 8.15 ± 0.02 c | 0.92 ± 0.07 ab | 1.33 ± 0.13 a |
H200-Zn-1 | 7.85 ± 0.05 b | 1.15 ± 0.06 c | 3.02 ± 0.19 b |
SCG-2 | 8.41 ± 0.02 g | 0.70 ± 0.03 a | 1.31 ± 0.08 a |
H160-2 | 8.33 ± 0.02 efg | 0.83 ± 0.02 ab | 1.34 ± 0.13 a |
H200-2 | 8.28 ± 0.02 def | 0.87 ± 0.03 ab | 1.31 ± 0.04 a |
SCG-Zn-2 | 8.31 ± 0.03 efg | 0.83 ± 0.10 ab | 1.22 ± 0.03 a |
H160-Zn-2 | 8.25 ± 0.02 cdef | 0.94 ± 0.06 ab | 1.28 ± 0.06 a |
H200-Zn-2 | 8.22 ± 0.02 cde | 0.95 ± 0.10 b | 1.38 ± 0.06 a |
Treatment | Plant Mineral Content (mg/100 g) | UE (%) | Soil Available Content (ppm) | ARE (%) | TF |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control A | 0.11 ± 0.01 a | - | 1.19 ± 0.12 a | - | - |
Control B | 0.65 ± 0.10 c | 0.34 | 4.71 ± 0.11 b | 4.92 | 0.06 |
SCG-1 | 0.11 ± 0.01 a | −0.09 | 1.15 ± 0.02 a | −0.40 | 0.09 |
H160-1 | 0.13 ± 0.02 a | −0.23 | 1.28 ± 0.08 a | 0.85 | 0.10 |
H200-1 | 0.19 ± 0.01 ab | −0.36 | 1.52 ± 0.24 a | 3.29 | 0.12 |
SCG-Zn-1 | 0.18± 0.02 ab | 0.22 | 5.95 ± 0.25 cd | 47.54 | 0.03 |
H160-Zn-1 | 0.18 ± 0.03 ab | −0.12 | 6.37 ± 0.31 d | 51.82 | 0.03 |
H200-Zn-1 | 0.20 ± 0.01 ab | −0.38 | 5.70 ± 016 cd | 45.11 | 0.03 |
SCG-2 | 0.14 ± 0.03 a | −0.04 | 1.21 ± 0.07 a | 0.05 | 0.11 |
H160-2 | 0.14 ± 0.04 a | −0.18 | 1.16 ± 0.05 a | −0.38 | 0.12 |
H200-2 | 0.14 ± 0.02 a | −0.88 | 1.20 ± 0.13 a | 0.51 | 0.12 |
SCG-Zn-2 | 0.26 ± 0.03 b | 0.10 | 14.71 ± 0.76 e | 45.00 | 0.02 |
H160-Zn-2 | 0.21 ± 0.05 ab | 0.00 | 5.31 ± 0.38 bc | 47.17 | 0.04 |
H200-Zn-2 | 0.15 ± 0.01 a | −0.52 | 1.89 ± 0.13 a | 42.31 | 0.08 |
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Lara-Ramos, L.; Cervera-Mata, A.; Fernández-Bayo, J.; Navarro-Alarcón, M.; Delgado, G.; Fernández-Arteaga, A. Hydrochars Derived from Spent Coffee Grounds as Zn Bio-Chelates for Agronomic Biofortification. Sustainability 2023, 15, 10700. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151310700
Lara-Ramos L, Cervera-Mata A, Fernández-Bayo J, Navarro-Alarcón M, Delgado G, Fernández-Arteaga A. Hydrochars Derived from Spent Coffee Grounds as Zn Bio-Chelates for Agronomic Biofortification. Sustainability. 2023; 15(13):10700. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151310700
Chicago/Turabian StyleLara-Ramos, Leslie, Ana Cervera-Mata, Jesús Fernández-Bayo, Miguel Navarro-Alarcón, Gabriel Delgado, and Alejandro Fernández-Arteaga. 2023. "Hydrochars Derived from Spent Coffee Grounds as Zn Bio-Chelates for Agronomic Biofortification" Sustainability 15, no. 13: 10700. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151310700