Figure 1.
Single-diode model of a PV cell.
Figure 1.
Single-diode model of a PV cell.
Figure 2.
Current–voltage characteristics and power–voltage characteristics of the PV module with variations in solar irradiance at T = 25 °C. (a) Current–voltage curve; (b) power–voltage curve.
Figure 2.
Current–voltage characteristics and power–voltage characteristics of the PV module with variations in solar irradiance at T = 25 °C. (a) Current–voltage curve; (b) power–voltage curve.
Figure 3.
Current–voltage characteristics and power–voltage characteristics of the PV module with variations in temperature at irradiance (G) = 1000 W/m2. (a) Current–voltage curve; (b) power–voltage curve.
Figure 3.
Current–voltage characteristics and power–voltage characteristics of the PV module with variations in temperature at irradiance (G) = 1000 W/m2. (a) Current–voltage curve; (b) power–voltage curve.
Figure 4.
P-V curve of the PV array under PSCs.
Figure 4.
P-V curve of the PV array under PSCs.
Figure 5.
Circuit diagram of boost converter.
Figure 5.
Circuit diagram of boost converter.
Figure 6.
Schematic diagram of the proposed PV grid-connected system.
Figure 6.
Schematic diagram of the proposed PV grid-connected system.
Figure 7.
Block diagram of the proposed Feedforward Neural Network.
Figure 7.
Block diagram of the proposed Feedforward Neural Network.
Figure 8.
Block diagram of the simulation file used to obtain the dataset.
Figure 8.
Block diagram of the simulation file used to obtain the dataset.
Figure 9.
The results of training, testing, and validation of the proposed Feedforward Neural Network and their comparison with target data. (a) Training results; (b) validation results; (c) test results; (d) all results.
Figure 9.
The results of training, testing, and validation of the proposed Feedforward Neural Network and their comparison with target data. (a) Training results; (b) validation results; (c) test results; (d) all results.
Figure 10.
The membership functions of the Fuzzy Logic Controller inputs (deltapow, deltav) and output (deltaD): (a) deltapow; (b) deltav; (c) deltaD.
Figure 10.
The membership functions of the Fuzzy Logic Controller inputs (deltapow, deltav) and output (deltaD): (a) deltapow; (b) deltav; (c) deltaD.
Figure 11.
Flowchart of the hybrid ANN–Variable Step P&O–Fuzzy Logic Controller (ANN-VSP&O-FLC) algorithm.
Figure 11.
Flowchart of the hybrid ANN–Variable Step P&O–Fuzzy Logic Controller (ANN-VSP&O-FLC) algorithm.
Figure 12.
The power–voltage curves of the PV system under different SPs for the first three intervals: (a) first interval; (b) second interval; (c) third interval.
Figure 12.
The power–voltage curves of the PV system under different SPs for the first three intervals: (a) first interval; (b) second interval; (c) third interval.
Figure 13.
The PV system response under variant SPs for the first three intervals based on the hybrid ANN-VSP&O-FLC technique.
Figure 13.
The PV system response under variant SPs for the first three intervals based on the hybrid ANN-VSP&O-FLC technique.
Figure 14.
Zoomed-in view of the first second at each interval in the PV system output power under variant SPs for the first three intervals based on the hybrid ANN-VSP&O-FLC technique: (a) first interval; (b) second interval; (c) third interval.
Figure 14.
Zoomed-in view of the first second at each interval in the PV system output power under variant SPs for the first three intervals based on the hybrid ANN-VSP&O-FLC technique: (a) first interval; (b) second interval; (c) third interval.
Figure 15.
The power–voltage curves of the PV system under different SPs for the second three intervals: (a) fourth interval; (b) fifth interval; (c) sixth interval.
Figure 15.
The power–voltage curves of the PV system under different SPs for the second three intervals: (a) fourth interval; (b) fifth interval; (c) sixth interval.
Figure 16.
The PV system response under variant SPs for the second three intervals based on the hybrid ANN-VSP&O-FLC technique.
Figure 16.
The PV system response under variant SPs for the second three intervals based on the hybrid ANN-VSP&O-FLC technique.
Figure 17.
Zoomed-in view of the first second at each interval in the PV system output power under variant SPs for the second three intervals based on the hybrid ANN-VSP&O-FLC technique: (a) fourth interval; (b) fifth interval; (c) sixth interval.
Figure 17.
Zoomed-in view of the first second at each interval in the PV system output power under variant SPs for the second three intervals based on the hybrid ANN-VSP&O-FLC technique: (a) fourth interval; (b) fifth interval; (c) sixth interval.
Figure 18.
The power–voltage curves of the PV system under different SPs for the third three intervals: (a) seventh interval; (b) eighth interval; (c) ninth interval.
Figure 18.
The power–voltage curves of the PV system under different SPs for the third three intervals: (a) seventh interval; (b) eighth interval; (c) ninth interval.
Figure 19.
The PV system response under variant SPs for the third three intervals based on the hybrid ANN-VSP&O-FLC technique.
Figure 19.
The PV system response under variant SPs for the third three intervals based on the hybrid ANN-VSP&O-FLC technique.
Figure 20.
Zoomed-in view of the first second at each interval in the PV system output power under variant SPs for the third three intervals based on the hybrid ANN-VSP&O-FLC technique: (a) seventh interval; (b) eighth interval; (c) ninth interval.
Figure 20.
Zoomed-in view of the first second at each interval in the PV system output power under variant SPs for the third three intervals based on the hybrid ANN-VSP&O-FLC technique: (a) seventh interval; (b) eighth interval; (c) ninth interval.
Figure 21.
The power–voltage curves of the PV system under different SPs for the last three intervals: (a) tenth interval; (b) eleventh interval; (c) twelfth interval.
Figure 21.
The power–voltage curves of the PV system under different SPs for the last three intervals: (a) tenth interval; (b) eleventh interval; (c) twelfth interval.
Figure 22.
The PV system response under variant SPs for the last three intervals based on the hybrid ANN-VSP&O-FLC technique.
Figure 22.
The PV system response under variant SPs for the last three intervals based on the hybrid ANN-VSP&O-FLC technique.
Figure 23.
Zoomed-in view of the first second at each interval in the PV system output power under variant SPs for the last three intervals based on the hybrid ANN-VSP&O-FLC technique: (a) ninth interval; (b) eleventh interval; (c) twelfth interval.
Figure 23.
Zoomed-in view of the first second at each interval in the PV system output power under variant SPs for the last three intervals based on the hybrid ANN-VSP&O-FLC technique: (a) ninth interval; (b) eleventh interval; (c) twelfth interval.
Figure 24.
The power–voltage curves of the PV system under variant irradiances and T = 25 °C: (a) first interval; (b) second interval; (c) third interval.
Figure 24.
The power–voltage curves of the PV system under variant irradiances and T = 25 °C: (a) first interval; (b) second interval; (c) third interval.
Figure 25.
The PV system output power under variant irradiances and T = 25 °C for the first three intervals based on the hybrid ANN-VSP&O-FLC technique.
Figure 25.
The PV system output power under variant irradiances and T = 25 °C for the first three intervals based on the hybrid ANN-VSP&O-FLC technique.
Figure 26.
Zoomed-in view of the first second at each interval in the PV system output power under variant irradiances and T = 25 °C for the first three intervals based on the hybrid ANN-VSP&O-FLC technique: (a) first interval; (b) second interval; (c) third interval.
Figure 26.
Zoomed-in view of the first second at each interval in the PV system output power under variant irradiances and T = 25 °C for the first three intervals based on the hybrid ANN-VSP&O-FLC technique: (a) first interval; (b) second interval; (c) third interval.
Figure 27.
The power–voltage curves of the photovoltaic system under variant irradiances and T = 30 °C: (a) fourth interval; (b) fifth interval; (c) sixth interval.
Figure 27.
The power–voltage curves of the photovoltaic system under variant irradiances and T = 30 °C: (a) fourth interval; (b) fifth interval; (c) sixth interval.
Figure 28.
The PV system output power under variant irradiances and T = 30 °C for the second three intervals based on the hybrid ANN-VSP&O-FLC technique.
Figure 28.
The PV system output power under variant irradiances and T = 30 °C for the second three intervals based on the hybrid ANN-VSP&O-FLC technique.
Figure 29.
Zoomed-in view of the first second at each interval in the PV system output power under variant irradiances and T = 30 °C for the second three intervals based on the hybrid ANN-VSP&O-FLC technique: (a) fourth interval; (b) fifth interval; (c) sixth interval.
Figure 29.
Zoomed-in view of the first second at each interval in the PV system output power under variant irradiances and T = 30 °C for the second three intervals based on the hybrid ANN-VSP&O-FLC technique: (a) fourth interval; (b) fifth interval; (c) sixth interval.
Figure 30.
The power–voltage curves of the photovoltaic system under variant irradiances and T = 35 °C: (a) seventh interval; (b) eighth interval; (c) ninth interval.
Figure 30.
The power–voltage curves of the photovoltaic system under variant irradiances and T = 35 °C: (a) seventh interval; (b) eighth interval; (c) ninth interval.
Figure 31.
The PV system output power under variant irradiances and T = 35 °C for the last three intervals based on the hybrid ANN-VSP&O-FLC technique.
Figure 31.
The PV system output power under variant irradiances and T = 35 °C for the last three intervals based on the hybrid ANN-VSP&O-FLC technique.
Figure 32.
Zoomed-in view of the first second at each interval in the PV system output power under variant irradiances and T = 35 °C for the last three intervals based on the hybrid ANN-VSP&O-FLC technique: (a) seventh interval; (b) eighth interval; (c) ninth interval.
Figure 32.
Zoomed-in view of the first second at each interval in the PV system output power under variant irradiances and T = 35 °C for the last three intervals based on the hybrid ANN-VSP&O-FLC technique: (a) seventh interval; (b) eighth interval; (c) ninth interval.
Table 1.
PV module (1Soltech 1STH-215-P) specifications.
Table 1.
PV module (1Soltech 1STH-215-P) specifications.
Parameter | Value |
---|
Open circuit voltage (Voc) | 36.3 V |
Short circuit current (Isc) | 7.84 A |
Voltage at maximum power (Vmp) | 29 V |
Current at maximum power (Imp) | 7.35 A |
Maximum power | 213.15 W |
Number of cells in one module (Ncell) | 60 |
Parallel resistance Rp (ohms) | 313.3991 |
Series resistance Rs (ohms) | 0.39383 |
Diode ideality factor | 0.98117 |
Table 2.
The rules of the proposed FLC with inputs (deltaV, deltapow) and output (deltaD).
Table 2.
The rules of the proposed FLC with inputs (deltaV, deltapow) and output (deltaD).
deltapow | deltaV | Small | Medium | Big |
---|
Small | Small | Small | Medium |
Medium | Small | Small | Medium |
Big | Medium | Medium | Big |
Table 3.
Simulative analysis of the hybrid ANN-VSP&O-FLC technique under different SPs for the first six intervals.
Table 3.
Simulative analysis of the hybrid ANN-VSP&O-FLC technique under different SPs for the first six intervals.
Parameter SPs | SP1 | SP2 | SP3 | SP4 | SP5 | SP6 |
---|
Irradiance (W/m2) | (400,600,300) | (200,400,600) | (200,100,500) | (800,400,900) | (930,350,220) | (820,410,900) |
PV power (kW) | 27.291 | 23.447 | 13.37 | 45.18 | 24.476 | 46.045 |
Global power (kW) | 27.293 | 23.466 | 13.417 | 45.217 | 24.562 | 46.08 |
Tracking efficiency (%) | 99.993 | 99.92 | 99.65 | 99.918 | 99.65 | 99.924 |
Tracking speed (sec) | 0.08 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.08 | 0.06 |
Distortions in waveforms | quite low | quite low | quite low | quite low | quite low | quite low |
Oscillations around steady state | less than 2 Watts | less than 1 Watt | less than 1 Watt | less than 1 Watt | less than 1 Watt | less than 1 Watt |
Table 4.
Simulative analysis of the hybrid ANN-VSP&O-FLC technique under different SPs for the last six intervals.
Table 4.
Simulative analysis of the hybrid ANN-VSP&O-FLC technique under different SPs for the last six intervals.
Parameter SPs | SP7 | SP8 | SP9 | SP10 | SP11 | SP12 |
---|
Irradiance (W/m2) | (990,770,910) | (950,880,250) | (440,620,670) | (1000,100,900) | (400,300,800) | (800,200,500) |
PV power (kW) | 68.02 | 49.06 | 39.937 | 50.413 | 27.5155 | 29.46 |
Global power (kW) | 68.068 | 49.1 | 39.939 | 50.457 | 27.517 | 29.483 |
Tracking efficiency (%) | 99.93 | 99.918 | 99.995 | 99.913 | 99.995 | 99.92 |
Tracking speed (sec) | 0.06 | 0.05 | 0.08 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.07 |
Distortions in waveforms | quite low | quite low | quite low | quite low | quite low | quite low |
Oscillations around steady state | less than 1 Watt | less than 1 Watt | less than 1 Watt | less than 1 Watt | less than 2 Watt | less than 1 Watt |
Table 5.
Simulative analysis of the hybrid ANN-VSP&O-FLC technique under variant irradiances and temperatures for the first six patterns.
Table 5.
Simulative analysis of the hybrid ANN-VSP&O-FLC technique under variant irradiances and temperatures for the first six patterns.
Parameter Patterns | p1 | P2 | P3 | P4 | P5 | P6 |
---|
Irradiance (W/m2) | 1000 | 500 | 300 | 1000 | 500 | 300 |
Temperature (Celsius) | 25 | 25 | 25 | 30 | 30 | 30 |
PV power (kW) | 81.77 | 41.465 | 24.723 | 80.1095 | 40.613 | 24.204 |
Global power (kW) | 81.772 | 41.47 | 24.726 | 80.11 | 40.622 | 24.21 |
Tracking efficiency (%) | 99.998 | 99.99 | 99.99 | 99.999 | 99.98 | 99.975 |
Tracking speed (sec) | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.08 | 0.09 |
Distortions in waveforms | quite low | quite low | quite low | quite low | quite low | quite low |
Oscillations around steady state | less than 2 Watts | less than 2 Watts | less than 1 Watt | less than 1 Watt | less than 1 Watt | less than 2 Watts |
Table 6.
Simulative analysis of the hybrid ANN-VSP&O-FLC technique under variant irradiances and temperatures for the last three patterns.
Table 6.
Simulative analysis of the hybrid ANN-VSP&O-FLC technique under variant irradiances and temperatures for the last three patterns.
| P7 | P8 | P9 |
---|
Irradiance (W/m2) | 1000 | 500 | 300 |
Temperature (Celsius) | 35 | 35 | 35 |
PV power (kW) | 78.432 | 39.756 | 23.68 |
Global power (kW) | 78.434 | 39.765 | 23.685 |
Tracking efficiency (%) | 99.997 | 99.977 | 99.98 |
Tracking speed (sec) | 0.08 | 0.07 | 0.05 |
Distortions in waveforms | quite low | quite low | quite low |
Oscillations around steady state | less than 1 Watt | less than 1 Watt | less than 2 Watts |
Table 7.
Simulative analysis of the proposed ANN-VSP&O-FLC, HSFLA-PS-ANFIS-INC, and θ-MKH-SMC techniques.
Table 7.
Simulative analysis of the proposed ANN-VSP&O-FLC, HSFLA-PS-ANFIS-INC, and θ-MKH-SMC techniques.
Parameters | HSFLA-PS-ANFIS-INC | θ-MKH-SMC | ANN-VSP&O-FLC |
---|
Tracking efficiency (%) | 99.38 | 99.42 | more than 99.65 |
Tracking speed (sec) | 0.14 | 0.16 | less than 0.1 |
Oscillations around steady state (Watts) | 4.89 | 4.36 | less than 2 |
Computational complexity | very high | moderate | high |
Table 8.
Simulative analysis of the proposed ANN-VSP&O-FLC and the RBFC-based Fuzzy techniques.
Table 8.
Simulative analysis of the proposed ANN-VSP&O-FLC and the RBFC-based Fuzzy techniques.
Parameters | RBFC-Based Fuzzy | ANN-VSP&O-FLC |
---|
Tracking efficiency (%) | 98.15 | more than 99.65 |
Tracking speed (sec) | 0.206 | less than 0.1 |
Distortions in waveforms | low | very low |
Computational complexity | high | high |