Development of Sustainable Concrete from Hypo Sludge Combined with Basalt Fibre and Latex
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Methodology
2.1. Materials
2.2. Preliminary Investigations
2.3. Mix Proportions and Testing Methods
3. Experimental Program
3.1. Mechanical Testing
3.2. Durability Testing
3.3. Microstructural Testing
4. Results and Discussions
4.1. Mechanical Properties
4.1.1. Compressive Strength
4.1.2. Flexural Strength
4.1.3. Split Tensile Strength
4.2. Durability Properties
4.2.1. Water Properties
4.2.2. Rapid Chloride Ion Penetration Test
4.3. Correlation between Compressive Strength and Durability Properties
4.4. Microstructural Studies
SEM Analysis
5. Conclusions
- The waste from paper industry can be used as partial replacement for cement for making ecofriendly sustainable concrete and it will reduce the emission of CO2 and landfill problems. Utilising the waste material can reduce the amount of cement used in concrete construction.
- In comparison to the control concrete, the addition of hypo sludge at 15% for replacement of cement with 0.3% BF and 10% SBR latex significantly increased compressive strength by 17.08%, and the LMHSBFC mix significantly increased flexural strength by 14.55% at 28 days.
- Compared with the control concrete, the mix LMHSBFC significantly increased split tensile strength by 14.29%. In order to increase the splitting tensile strength of concrete, hypo sludge containing basalt fibres and SBR latex was used. In the LMBFC mix, the greatest improvement in tensile strength of 20.95% was noted.
- The mechanical qualities of hypo sludge concrete significantly improved with the addition of basalt fibres and SBR latex.
- In comparison with control concrete, the mix LMHSBFC exhibits decreased water absorption, permeability, and chloride ion penetration, as well as better concrete durability.
- Micro-structural research showed that adding hypo sludge to the concrete enhanced its interfacial interactions. Due to the creation of a film layer by SBR latex in the cement matrix and a decrease in the ITZ of the concrete, the mix LMHSBFC demonstrated a homogeneous and denser microstructure when compared with the control concrete.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional review board statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Composition | Lime | Silica | Iron Oxide | Alumina | Magnesium Oxide | Loss on Ignition |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hypo sludge (%) | 27.03 | 20.56 | 26.74 | 19.35 | 6.32 | 3.04 |
Parameters | Density (kg/dm3) | Melting Point (°C) | Diameter (μm) | Length (mm) | Moisture Content (%) | Thermal Conductivity |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Values | 2.8 | 1350 | 13 | 18 | <0.3 | Low |
Description | Styrene Content (%) | Butadiene Content (%) | Density (g/mm3) | Colour | pH |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Values | 34 ± 1.5 | 66 ± 1.5 | 1.03 | White | 11 |
Mix Id | w/c | BF (%) | SBR (%) | HS (kg/m3) | Cement (kg/m3) | FA (kg/m3) | CA (kg/m3) | Water (kg/m3) | SP (kg/m3) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CC | 0.45 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 338 | 757 | 1107 | 197 | 0 |
BFC | 0.45 | 0.3 | 0 | 0 | 338 | 757 | 1107 | 197 | 4.8 |
HSC | 0.45 | 0 | 0 | 51 | 287 | 757 | 1107 | 197 | 4.8 |
HSBFC | 0.45 | 0.3 | 0 | 51 | 287 | 757 | 1107 | 197 | 4.8 |
LMBFC | 0.45 | 0.3 | 10 | 0 | 338 | 757 | 1107 | 131 | 4.8 |
LMHSC | 0.45 | 0 | 10 | 51 | 287 | 757 | 1107 | 131 | 4.8 |
LMHSBFC | 0.45 | 0.3 | 10 | 51 | 287 | 757 | 1107 | 131 | 4.8 |
Charge Passed (Coulombs) | Chloride Ion Penetrability |
---|---|
>4000 | High |
2000–4000 | Moderate |
1000–2000 | Low |
100–1000 | Very low |
<100 | Negligible |
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Chandra Sekar, K.; Murugesan, R.; Sivaraja, M.; Prakash, R. Development of Sustainable Concrete from Hypo Sludge Combined with Basalt Fibre and Latex. Sustainability 2023, 15, 10986. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151410986
Chandra Sekar K, Murugesan R, Sivaraja M, Prakash R. Development of Sustainable Concrete from Hypo Sludge Combined with Basalt Fibre and Latex. Sustainability. 2023; 15(14):10986. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151410986
Chicago/Turabian StyleChandra Sekar, Krishnan, Ramasamy Murugesan, Muthusamy Sivaraja, and Ramaiah Prakash. 2023. "Development of Sustainable Concrete from Hypo Sludge Combined with Basalt Fibre and Latex" Sustainability 15, no. 14: 10986. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151410986