Marine Accidents in the Brazilian Amazon: Potential Risks to the Aquatic Environment
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methodology
3. Main Environmental Characteristics of the Amazon Basin
4. Marine Accidents in the Brazilian Amazon
5. Potential Impacts of Marine Accidents to the Aquatic Environment
5.1. Spillages of Oil and Other Hazardous Materials
5.2. Release of Substances after Fires/Explosions: Lessons from the MV X-Press Accident
5.3. Possible Impacts Derived from Containership Accidents
5.4. Other Possible Sources of Marine Pollution
6. Considerations to Preserve Marine Environment in the Amazon Region
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- While it is important that we preserve flora and fauna, there are indigenous and traditional peoples living in the Amazon forests. These people consume the fresh water nearby for drinking and basic activities, as well as eating food from the aquatic ecosystems. It is, therefore, vital to preserve the ecosystems and the food chains of the environment [32]. The Amazon is a source of food, raw materials for medicine (chemical compounds), and various other types of industry, which can be based outside this region.
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- In recent years, the Amazon region has seen an increase in illegal activities such as illegal, small-scale mining, using artisanal dredges, and barges in aquatic environments, leading to considerable social, economic, and environmental problems. For example, most methods involved in gold mining include the use of mercury, which can affect soils, watersheds, animals, flora, and humans, with long-term consequences that have still to be quantified [11]. Similar effects can be expected from pollution derived from marine accidents in the Amazon region that involve the spread of chemicals and toxic substances in the environment, affecting the aquatic environment in the main rivers and their tributaries [11].
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- In the Amazon waterways, it is common to find ships that come from the open sea, carrying ballast water that has high levels of salinity and coliforms. During ballast water exchange (i.e., the release of water in ballast tanks in inland waters), there is the potential risk of future invasion from exotic species [78]. Marine accidents involving ships coming from other regions different from the Amazon region may also present the leakage of ballast with foreign species.
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- As the Amazon is an environmentally protected region, risk management actions should consider the protected areas, including conservation units, indigenous lands, undesignated public lands, and priority conservation areas, as shown in Table 2. Environmental vulnerability assessments are needed in these areas, such as that conducted recently by [79] for the case of indigenous lands. These authors concluded that to protect relevant areas of the Amazon, it is necessary to incentive the adoption and implementation of policies by the State, including combating illegal activities and strengthening the National Policy for Environmental and Territorial Management.
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- Marine accidents involving different types of ships and activities are still common in the Amazon region and contribute to the growing problem of water pollution. Of global concern is the pollution from plastics, including microplastics in marine environments, as presented in [84], which describes some of the main negative ecological and socio-economic consequences of this. These include the dispersal and rafting of organisms, entanglements, the introduction of invasive species, the provision of new habitats, suffocation, starvation, and toxicological effects due to plastic ingestion [84]. Recent research performed in the Amazonian rivers by [85] has stated that despite microplastics being one of the most widespread contaminants, research on the risks they pose to river ecosystems is still scarce. Their field study involved sampling along the Amazon River and its main tributaries to characterize the microplastics found and assess ecotoxicological risks.
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- The variation in hydrology, geomorphology, and the climate in the Amazon waterways cannot be overlooked. As pointed out by [5], the Amazon Basin has thousands of kilometers of river in which many types of vessels operate. The transport of sediments causes changes to the river’s morphology, which can cause marine accidents. Changes in the hydrological characteristics of the rivers and climate can also influence the dispersion of pollutants. Sudden, unexpected changes in weather, with heavy rain and winds [5], are also risk factors for maritime accidents on the Amazon waterway network.
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- There are several organizations that aim to prevent technological disasters and negative effects on aquatic environments in Brazil [38,86]. However, it is still necessary to seek collaboration from stakeholders in the government, industry, and academia, to effectively address these challenges and ensure the preservation of the marine environment in the Amazon waterways. The participation of local Amazonian state governments, as well as national and international non-governmental organizations, must be encouraged.
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- Strategies for marine pollution prevention by these organizations should consider remote areas and regional challenges, as described in [5]. These strategies should include the divulgation of information on recommended practices for shipping operations and emergency plans for various types of accidents and hazards; increasing the inspection of ship operations to implement regulations even in remote locations; offering incentives for research and development activities to evaluate the potential effects of marine pollution dispersion and develop accident prevention technologies.
7. Conclusions
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- Evidence of the use of different-sized vessels in the Brazilian Amazon waterways has been given, indicating a need to further research and development activities in the north of Brazil to develop safer ships and operations.
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- Changes in the hydrology, geomorphology, climate, and biodiversity of the Brazilian Amazon basin have been described, indicating the need for more risk analyses in marine pollution caused by marine accidents, including their variables.
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- That sinking solids and liquids derived from marine accidents could potentially pollute the marine environment in the short and long term has been underlined.
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- The different sources of marine pollution in the aquatic environment of the Amazon, including those caused by spills (oil and HNS spills), sinking containers, explosions/fire accidents, and the sinking of organic matter, have been explained.
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- The possible means of preventing marine accidents should take into consideration the characteristics of the Amazon basin, including social factors, respecting indigenous and traditional people, preserving biodiversity and protected areas, considering illegal activities common in the region, evaluating the pollution of microplastics and other pollutants, and evaluating the effects of climate and hydrological variations in the accumulation and dispersion of pollutants.
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- The participation of central and local governments, industry, and academia is required in marine pollution prevention initiatives.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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HNS Class | Examples (HNS Involved) |
---|---|
Nontoxic dissolvers | Hydrochloric acid Lye/NaOH, acrylonitrile sulfuric acid, methyl ethyl ketone, isopropanol chromium, ammonium nitrate |
Nontoxic sinkers | Cocoa beans, coal, wheat, sugar cane, rice, copra |
Persistent floaters | Coconut oil, vegetable oil, palm oil, sunflower oil |
Marine pollutants | Cypermethrin, lindane, permethrin, pentachlorophenol, and radioactive materials |
Area | Definition | Source |
---|---|---|
Conservation units | Private and public conservation areas are recognized by all government levels | Ministry of the Environment [80] |
Indigenous lands | All indigenous lands are recognized by the federal government | National foundation of indigenous peoples [81] |
Undesignated public lands | All polygons in undesignated public lands over 100 km2 are recognized by the federal government | Ministry of agriculture and livestock/National registry of public forests [82] |
Priority conservation areas | All priority conservation areas are recognized by the federal government but have not been classified as undesignated public lands | Ministry of the environment/Priority areas for biodiversity [83] |
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Fontes, J.V.H.; de Almeida, P.R.R.; Hernández, I.D.; Maia, H.W.S.; Mendoza, E.; Silva, R.; Santander, E.J.O.; Marques, R.T.S.F.; Soares, N.L.d.N.; Sanches, R.A. Marine Accidents in the Brazilian Amazon: Potential Risks to the Aquatic Environment. Sustainability 2023, 15, 11030. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151411030
Fontes JVH, de Almeida PRR, Hernández ID, Maia HWS, Mendoza E, Silva R, Santander EJO, Marques RTSF, Soares NLdN, Sanches RA. Marine Accidents in the Brazilian Amazon: Potential Risks to the Aquatic Environment. Sustainability. 2023; 15(14):11030. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151411030
Chicago/Turabian StyleFontes, Jassiel V. H., Paulo R. R. de Almeida, Irving D. Hernández, Harlysson W. S. Maia, Edgar Mendoza, Rodolfo Silva, Elvis J. O. Santander, Rayrima T. S. F. Marques, Nádia Letícia do N. Soares, and Ricardo Almeida Sanches. 2023. "Marine Accidents in the Brazilian Amazon: Potential Risks to the Aquatic Environment" Sustainability 15, no. 14: 11030. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151411030