A Survey of the Role of Charity Societies in Recycling Clothing Waste and the Extent of Their Societal Impact in Saudi Arabia

Abstract

Clothing waste is one of the key wastes that societies discard in general, the Saudi society in particular. This increases environmental and visual pollution if necessary measures are not taken to reduce these pollutants. In turn, many charity societies that specialize in collecting clothing waste in Saudi Arabia have taken advantage of this waste by recycling it and thus achieving clothing sustainability, which, in turn, maintains environmental balance, especially since we are a clothing-consumer society. Recently, the researcher noticed the spread of many clothing containers for collecting used clothes by charity societies all over residential neighborhoods in the central, western, eastern and northern regions; this study focuses on the fate of those used clothes that are disposed of and placed in the containers designated for them. But, has this initiative of charity societies achieved the public benefit of society by sustaining these wastes? The study includes three hypotheses, and to verify them, we conduct variance tests, and Scheffe tests for multiple comparisons, as well as (T) tests. The study reaches the conclusion that there are statistically significant differences between the average scores of the sample members in how charity societies benefit from clothing waste according to the study variables, where the (F) value is (46.369), which is a statistically significant value at a level of (0.01). There are also statistically significant differences between the average scores of the sample members in the methods of classifying and sorting clothing waste to achieve its sustainability according to the study variables, where the (F) value is (15.212), which is a statistically significant value at the level of (0.01). There are statistically significant differences between the average scores of the sample members in the societal impact of charity societies to achieve clothing sustainability according to the study variables, where the (T) value is (8.403), which is a statistically significant value at the level of significance (0.01).

1. Introduction

Saudi Arabia is a sprawling country with a population of (34,218,169) people, according to the statistics of the Central Department for Statistics and Information (Boxes) [1]. Food and clothes are among the basic needs of a society. As a result of clothing consumption, large quantities of clothing waste are produced. Recently, the researcher noticed the spread of containers (boxes) bearing the names of many charity societies spreading throughout residential neighborhoods in Saudi Arabia that have no previous era. There is a large turnout from the residents of these neighborhoods to put the clothes consumed in other boxes as charity societies undertake the responsibility for collecting and recycling them according to what is written on those containers to achieve sustainability for them.

Hence, this study is of significance to the Saudi society, as it discusses the role of charity societies in benefiting from clothing waste in a way that reduces environmental damage and achieves sustainability for this waste because no studies have previously been conducted in the field of making use of clothing waste, and how to achieve sustainability. With the modern developments that have emerged recently in the society, and with the appearance of containers for clothing waste that have spread in all residential neighborhoods, which did not exist a few years ago, arises a great reason to conduct the research and pose several questions, the keys of which are as follows: Is there a benefit to society from this clothing waste? Is there a recycling process through which sustainability is achieved? Do the study hypotheses show the existence of statistically significant differences between average scores of the sample members in how the charity societies benefit from clothing waste according to the study variables? Are there statistically significant differences between the average scores of the sample members in the methods of classifying and sorting clothing waste in a way that achieves their sustainability according to the study variables? Are there statistically significant differences between the average scores of the sample members in the societal impact of charity societies to achieve clothing sustainability in accordance with the study variables?

The study aims to shed light on the role of charity societies in collecting those wastes and the extent of their achievement of sustainability by preserving the environment against the environmental effects resulting from disposing clothing waste and visual pollution, in addition to knowing the benefit to society from it.

2. Theoretical Background

2.1. Sustainability and Fashion

Sustainability is defined as “fulfilling the needs of present generations without harming future generations and their needs” [2]. The concept of sustained fashion appeared for the first time in the sixties when consumers became aware of the effect created by the clothing industry on the environment and they demanded the change of its practice [3]. The fashion and clothing industry instilled a strong desire in consumers for renewal and change [4,5,6], whether or not this is necessary [7]. It is a phenomenon known as “consumerism” [8]; an expression of the continued consumption of clothes by owning, using and disposing of them [9]. In recent years, globalization has led to the consumption of high quantities of contemporary fashion products throughout history. In USA alone, the volume of consuming textiles and increasing waste reached 40% from 1999 to 2009. Moreover, the production and consumption of clothing and fashion deplete natural resources and generate uncontrollable solid waste [10,11]. Clothing accounts for 5–26% of total household water use, and up to 14% of total household waste, as well as between 7% and 10% of environmental effects, according to the country’s approach [12,13,14]. In addition, on average, the buying, using and disposing of clothes generate 0.8 tons of carbon dioxide (CO₂) from each household per year, or 8000 bags full of carbon dioxide [15]. Clothing also contributes to other environmental problems, such as excessive use of groundwater, soil, and air in its production, distribution and consumption. Sustainable fashion is part of the slow fashion movement that has been developed over the past decades and used interchangeably with green environment and ethical fashion [16]. Slow fashion is defined as a socially conscious movement that moves consumer minds from quantity to quality, encouraging people to buy high-quality clothing more often [17]. The concept of slow fashion can be dealt with from the perspective of production and consumption [3]. These fashions require a more holistic vision by taking into account production and consumption [3]. This is because sustainable production could become unsustainable when clothes made of environmentally friendly materials are worn only a few times and are quickly disposed of [18]. Additionally, large quantities of clothing consume natural resources and generate solid waste that harms the environment [3].

2.2. Clothing Waste Recycling and Management

So, a recycling process is of great significance in reducing environmental harm. Ref. [19] defines this process as “a practice to reshape a useless thing into a useful one” without wasting any raw materials or exhausting non-renewable resources. This is considered a practical solution to reduce wastes and avoid the depletion of resources. Finding out methods to limit clothing waste is of great significance; thus, a recycling process is one of the solutions to limit wastes, which achieves more sustainability for them [20]. Many people are unaware of what happens to their clothes after they are discarded and donated to charity societies. They think that it is a suitable way to dispose of unwanted clothes and believe that they are given to the poor in society [21].

According to the current literature, the recycling of clothing waste can be confined to three methods. The first is via the Internet, which has emerged recently as one of the new channels for recycling clothes [22]. This is done when consumers apply for recycling processes through applications and web sites. Those in charge of these applications and sites undertake the responsibility of collecting clothing waste [23]. One of the advantages of this method is comfort and speed [22]. This study explicated that online clothing donors in Saudi Arabia account for 7% of total waste collection. It may be the most effective way by the time. The second method is recycling by means of trademarks, which are interested in the process of recycling in two methods. They are as follows. Method one: Trademarks create channels for recycling and executing related trade works, in addition to reusing recycled clothes. For example, H&M [24] recycles used jeans to make new clothes and products. Method two: Recycling companies show the public where the clothing waste will go to increase their confidence. An example is the plan proposed by Madewell (Blue Jeans Go Green) to take jeans waste and reuse it as an insulating material [24]. The third method is the recycling process undertaken by governments by setting policies and procedures for the recycling and reusing of clothing waste [25], as in the European Union (EU) (Waste Classification System) [26] and (Circular Economy Plan) [27]; in France (EPR for Textile Management) [28]; Tokyo (A City Free of Waste) [29]; China (Requirements for Importing Waste) [30,31]; and Korea (The Law of Green Growth). Hence, the problem of waste management is one of the most important environmental problems encountered currently by Saudi Arabia due to the increasing amount of waste and its impact on health, environment and economy [32], in addition to the absence of an integrated management system of waste, the non-availability of sufficient regulations and legislations to limit its production, the lack of an appropriate infrastructure and its management according to its types, and non-availability of documented data on its quantities, types and characteristics, which represents a challenge facing its management [33].

2.3. Market of Clothing Waste

What happens to the used clothes, which charity societies cannot locally sell, is that they are sold in international markets to factories concerned with the recycling of clothes. They are huge factories that sort and recycle clothes [34]. A number of charity societies in Chinese cities set up boxes (containers) for recycling clothing waste to give to public care organizations [35]. Ref. [28] explained the practices of recycling clothes in France and the collecting of clothing waste in containers, classifying them as clothing waste to be delivered to charity societies to donate, sell and export them. The current study made clear through a questionnaire that those charity societies in Saudi Arabia collect clothing waste in containers; they sort out and distribute good ones to needy families, as well as selling the surplus in local markets first, then in markets abroad. These charity societies are following the example of similar societies abroad. Moreover, studies affirm that clothing waste is an existing trade which charity societies turn into commodities for sale in international markets under the framework of environmental protection [36]. Few people are aware that clothing waste is a profitable business for those societies in terms of its value, volume and impact. Both [37,38,39] explicate that the value of the international trade in used clothes. reached USD 2.97 billion in 2010, with an increase of 13% over 2009. According to officials in those societies, studies affirmed that they sell clothing waste in international markets. The current study makes clear that societies in Saudi Arabia sell the surplus of this clothing waste and achieve material gains, the proceeds of which go back to these societies by making charitable investments to support needy families. The study [35] makes clear, through literature reviews, that clothing waste donated by consumers is affected by a number of factors, among which are the low quality of clothes, abundance in the markets and fast development of fashion. All of them are factors that contribute to the rapid disposal of clothes and the increase in clothing waste. Additionally, Ref. [7] states that fashion companies create new fashions that increase consumers’ interest, which, in turn, leads to an increase in consumption at alarming rates. Study [28] explains that by applying the European Production Recycling Policies in France, recycling rates have tripled since 2006. Ref. [40], in a study, mentioned that consumers are tempted to buy recycled clothes if they look creative.

2.4. Charitable Organizations and Their Role in the Community

The study of [41] emphasized that clothing donors to charity societies are highly educated people who have a positive role in preserving the environment against pollution and waste [42]. Some donors like charity work and wish to donate their clothes to charity organizations. Some charity enterprises offer a door-to-door collection service for recycling used clothes that they collect. On the other hand, some charity societies assign boxes for collecting unwanted clothes in strategic places, such as residential neighborhoods or shopping centers, to facilitate for the donors the discarding of clothes and their recycling to help the poor [41]. During the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic, containers of surplus clothing drew the attention of consumers to the issue of clothing waste and resulted in massive donations [43]. In 2008, charity societies collected about 26,000 tons of textiles and used clothes for the purpose of donating them to Africa and East Europe [44], which can extend the life of their use and, thus, reduce significantly the environmental impact caused by clothing waste [43].

3. Results

Research Methodology: The study relies on the descriptive method for collecting data and information of the study topic to examine its present situation in order to know the extent of changes taking place [45].

Study Population: The study covers charity societies in the central, western, eastern and northern regions through interviews with supervisors of gathering clothing waste, sending e-mail, making phone calls and social media channels. Here, it needs to be explained that the activity of the charity societies (the study sample) is not only concerned with collecting and recycling clothing waste, but they also represent one of their activities.

The study sample: It is a purposeful sample consisting of 12 charity societies that are distributed to 4 regions of Saudi Arabia. Five societies were excluded for non-response by the sample members; as shown in

Table 1. Distribution of the research sample according to the kingdom’s regions.

Regions	Name of the Charity Society	Its Headquarters
Central Region	AL-Br Society	Riyadh
Western Region	AL-Br Society Warehouse Kiswa Society Friend Association Charitable Society AL-Br Society in Hedad Bani Malik	Makkah Makkah Jeddah Taif
Eastern Region	AL-Br Society	Dammam
Northern Region	Saeid Society	Ararr

, where the regions, names and residence of charity societies are shown:

Study instruments: Survey forms of the charity societies. They include three axes. Axis one: It includes four items. Axis two: It consists of three items. Axis three: It covers four items. Survey forms for twelve charity societies were distributed to the study’s target regions. Seven charity societies were gathered to undertake the responsibility of collecting clothing waste from containers placed in residential neighborhoods.

Statistical processing: The form’s validity of clothing waste and role of charity societies were calculated by using internal consistency via calculating the correlation coefficients (Pearson’s correlation coefficients) between the score of each phrase of the phrases constituting each axis and the total score of the form axis, and between the total score of each axis of the form and the total score in the form. Stability is calculated through alpha Cronbach’s coefficients, the split-half method, Spearman–Brown’s correction equation, Guttman, the use of the statistical method in the results, discussion of hypotheses, and testing of variance analysis, in addition to Scheffe tests for multiple comparisons and the T test.

Form validity:

1. Axis one: How do charity societies benefit from clothing waste? Validity is calculated by using internal consistency via calculating correlation coefficients (Pearson’s correlation coefficients) between the score of each phrase and the axis score.

Table 2. Values of correlation coefficients between the score of each phrase and the axis score (how charity societies benefit from clothing waste).

1st Axis Items	Correlation	Significance
1-	0.856	0.01
2-	0.942	0.01
3-	0.605	0.05
4-	0.807	0.01

illustrates this.

From the above Table, it is clear that correlation coefficients are all at a significance level of (0.01–0.05) because they are close to one integer, indicating the validity and homogeneity of the form’s phrases.

2. Axis two: Methods of classifying and sorting clothing waste to achieve its sustainability.

Table 3. Values of correlation coefficients between the score of each phrase and the axis score (methods of classifying and sorting clothing waste to achieve its sustainability).

2nd Axis Items	Correlation	Significance
1-	0.772	0.01
2-	0.893	0.01
3-	0.835	0.01

illustrates this.

It is clear from the table that the correlation coefficients are at a level of significance of (0.01) because they are close to one integer, indicating the validity and homogeneity of the form’s phrases.

3. Axis three: Societal impact of charity societies to achieve clothing sustainability.

Table 4. Values of correlation coefficients between the score of each phrase, and the axis score (societal impact of charity societies to achieve clothing sustainability).

3rd Axis Items	Correlation	Significance
1-	0.927	0.01
2-	0.639	0.05
3-	0.744	0.01
4-	0.869	0.01

illustrates this.

It is clear from the table that the correlation coefficients are all at a level of significance of (0.01–0.05) because they are close to one integer, indicating the validity and homogeneity of the form’s phrases.

Validity by using internal consistency between the total score of each axis and the total score of the form: Validity was calculated by using internal consistency and calculating correlation coefficients (Pearson’s correlation coefficients) between the total score of each axis (how charity societies make use of clothing waste, methods of classifying and sorting clothing waste to achieve its sustainability, societal impact of the charity societies to achieve clothing sustainability) and the total score of the form (clothing waste and the role of the charity societies).

Table 5. Values of correlation coefficients between the total score of each axis and the form’s total score.

	Correlation	Significance
Axis one: How do charity societies benefit from clothing waste?	0.872	0.01
Axis two: Methods of classifying and sorting clothing waste to achieve its sustainability	0.935	0.01
Axis three: Societal impact of charity societies to achieve clothing sustainability	0.846	0.01

shows this.

It is clear from the table that correlation coefficients are at a level of significance of (0.01) because they are close to one integer, indicating the validity and homogeneity of the form’s axes.

The form’s stability: Stability means the accuracy of the test in measurement and observation, its non-contradiction with itself, and its consistency and persistence in the information with which it provides us about the behavior of the examinee. It is the ratio between the variance degree on the form, which indicates the actual performance of the examinee. Stability is calculated through alpha Cronbach coefficients, the split-half method, Spearman–Brown’s correction equation, and Guttman.

Table 6. Values of stability coefficients of the form’s axes of clothing waste and the role of charity societies.

Axes	Alpha Coefficients	Split-Half Method	Spearman–Brown	Guttman
Axis one: How do charity societies benefit from clothing waste?	0.853	0.827	0.881	0.847
Axis two: Methods of classifying and sorting clothing waste to achieve its sustainability	0.779	0.746	0.805	0.760
Axis three: Societal impact of charity societies to achieve clothing sustainability	0.905	0.873	0.936	0.892
Form’s stability of clothing waste and the role of charity societies as a whole	0.816	0.789	0.840	0.807

shows this.

From the previous table, it is clear that all values of stability coefficients—alpha coefficients, split-half, Spearman–Brown, Guttman—are at a level of significance of (0.01), which indicates the form’s stability.

3.1. Hypothesis One

There are statistically significant differences between the average scores of the sample members in how charity societies benefit from clothing waste according to the study variables. To verify this hypothesis, the variance analysis of the sample members’ scores was calculated as regards how charity societies benefit from clothing waste.

Table 7. Variance analysis of the sample members in methods of collecting clothing waste by charity societies.

Methods of Collecting Clothing Waste by Charity Societies	Total Number of Squares	Average Squares	Freedom Degrees	Value (F)	Significance
Between groups	441.548	110.387	4
Inside groups	4.761	2.381	2	46.369	0.01 D
total	446.309		6

illustrates this.

It is clear from Table 7 that value (F) is (46.369), which is a statistically significant value at a level of (0.01). It signifies that there are differences in the scores of the sample members in the methods of collecting clothing waste by charity societies. To know the significance direction, Scheffe tests for multiple comparisons were applied. The following Figure 1 and Figure 2 and

Table 8. Scheffe tests for multiple comparisons.

Methods of Collecting Clothing Waste by Charity Societies	Containers for Collecting Clothes M = 14.077	Vehicles M = 18.250	To be Delivered to the Society’s Premises by the Donor M = 10.389	The Society Receives from the Donor’s Home M = 6.851	Via Internet M = 7.090
Containers for collecting clothes	-
Vehicles	4.173 **	-
To be delivered by the Donor to the Society’s Premises	3.238 **	7.411 **	-
The Society receives from the donor’s home	7.226 **	11.399 **	3.988 **	-
Via Internet	6.987 **	11.160 h	3.749 **	0.239	-

**: significance of 0.01.

illustrate this.

From (Figure 1 and Figure 2 and Table 8), the following is clear:

• There are statistically significant differences in the methods of collecting clothing waste by charity societies at a level of significance of (0.01) in favor of vehicles, containers for collecting clothes, and in favor of delivering them by the donor to the society’s premises.
• There are no statistically significant differences in the charity societies’ methods of collecting clothing waste via the Internet, as the charity society receives them from the donor’s home.

Thus, in first place come vehicles, where they reached a rate of (18.250), which is the highest among the methods of collecting clothing waste. This is attributed to the charity societies’ reliance on vehicles for collecting clothes in the containers that are disposed of by the residents of the neighborhoods, in addition to collecting clothes from the consumers’ homes. Then come the containers for collecting clothes, which the donor delivers to the society’s premises (via the Internet). Lastly, the society receives from the donor’s home, which is the last method used because of the increasing costs of vehicles, fuel, human cadres, etc., that are incurred by charity societies. But they addressed this problem by placing a large number of containers in one residential area.

It is clear from

Table 9. Variance analysis of the scores of the sample members in permanent times for collecting clothing waste.

Permanent Times for Collecting Clothing Waste	Total of Squares	Average Squares	Freedom Degrees	Value (F)	Significance
Between groups	381.486	127.162	3
Inside groups	8.706	2.902	3	43.817	0.01 D
Total	390.192		6

that the value of (F) is (43.817), which is a statistically significant value at the level of (0.01). This signifies the existence of differences between the scores of the sample members in permanent times for the collection of clothing waste. To find out the direction of the significance, Scheffe tests for multiple comparisons were applied. The following

Table 10. Scheffe tests for multiple comparisons.

Permanent Collection Times of Clothing Waste	Daily M = 13.075	Weekly M = 9.347	Monthly M = 5.229	As Needed M = 18.359
Daily	-
Weekly	3.728 **	-
Monthly	7.846 **	4.118 **	-
As needed	5.284 **	5.284 **	13.130 **	-

**: significance of 0.01.

illustrates this.

There are statistically significant differences in permanent times for the collection of clothing waste at a significance level of (0.01) in favor of ‘as needed’, then in favor of ‘daily’, and lastly, in favor of ‘weekly’. Thus, ‘as needed’ comes in first place, and this is due to the fact that families do not dispose of clothes daily, weekly, or monthly. There are several factors, such as growth and the quality of the clothing items, involved in this.

From

Table 11. Variance analysis of the scores of sample members as regards how charity societies benefit from recyclable clothing waste to achieve sustainability.

How Charity Societies Benefit from Recyclable Clothing Waste to Achieve Sustainability	Total of Squares	Average Squares	Freedom Degrees	Value (F)	Significance
Between groups	288.148	57.630	5
Inside groups	2.761	2.761	1	20.871	0.01 D
Total	290.909		6

, it is clear that the value of (F) is (20.871), which is a statistically significant value at the level of (0.01). This indicates that there are differences between the scores of the sample members in how charity societies benefit from recyclable clothing waste to achieve sustainability for it. To find the direction of significance, Scheffe tests for multiple comparisons were applied. The following

Table 12. Scheffe tests for multiple comparisons.

Charity Societies’ Benefit from Recyclable Clothing Waste to Achieve Sustainability	To Send to Factories Outside Saudi Arabia M = 12.094	To Send to Factories Inside Saudi Arabia M = 4.001	To Distribute to the Poor Inside Saudi Arabia M = 19.256	To Distribute to the Poor Outside Saudi Arabia M = 5.035	Holding Bazaars for People with Limited Incomes M = 16.115	Selling Them M = 8.382
To send to factories outside Saudi Arabia	-
To send to factories inside Saudi Arabia	8.093 **	-
distribute to the poor inside Saudi Arabia	7.162 **	15.255 **	-
To distribute to the poor outside Saudi Arabia	7.59 **	1.034	14.221 **	-
Holding bazaars for people with limited incomes	4.021 **	12.114 **	3.141 **	11.080 **	-
Selling them	3.712 **	4.381 **	10.874 **	3.347 **	7.733 **	-

**: significance of 0.01.

illustrates this.

From Table 12, the following is clear:

• There are statistically significant differences in how charity societies benefit from recyclable clothing waste to achieve sustainability at a significant level of (0.01) in favor of distributing it to the poor inside, then in favor of holding bazaars for people with limited income, and in favor of sending it to factories outside Saudi Arabia, and lastly, in favor of selling it.
• There are no statistically significant differences in how charity societies benefit from recyclable clothing waste to achieve sustainability by distributing it to the poor outside Saudi Arabia and sending it to factories in Saudi Arabia.

Thus, in first place is distributing it to the poor in Saudi Arabia, followed by holding bazaars for people with limited income, then sending it to factories outside Saudi Arabia, selling it, distributing it to the poor outside Saudi Arabia, and lastly, sending it to factories inside Saudi Arabia. The researcher visited The Birr Society, north of Riyadh, while they were collecting and classifying clothes according to age, then treating clothes by washing and repairing the damaged ones, then reserving a large hall where clothes are displayed and the beneficiaries registered with the society are summoned by calling the head of the family to take what they and their family need. The clothes given to them are wrapped and resemble new clothes when presented to them to achieve psychological reinforcement for families by owning new clothes. Figure 3, Figure 4 and Figure 5 illustrate this.

From

Table 13. Variance analysis of the scores of the sample members in how charity societies dispose of unsuitable clothing waste for recycling to achieve sustainability.

How Charity Societies Dispose of Non-Recyclable Waste to Achieve Sustainability	Total of Squares	Average Squares	Freedom Degrees	Value (F)	Significance
Between groups	378.191	94.548	4
Inside groups	4.761	2.381	2	39.716	0.01 D
Total	382.952		6

, it is clear that value (F) is (39.716), which is a statistically significant value at a level of (0.01). This indicates that there are differences between the scores of the sample members as regards how the charity societies dispose of non-recyclable waste to achieve sustainability. To find the direction of significance, Scheffe tests for multiple comparisons were adopted. The following

Table 14. Scheffe tests for multiple comparisons.

How Charity Societies Dispose of Non-Recyclable Waste to Achieve Sustainability	Recycling M = 16.038	By Remanufacturing M = 12.581	By Disposing of M = 19.358	By Selling it M = 9.408	By Sending to Poor Countries M = 5.023
Recycling	-
Remanufacturing	3.457 **	-
Disposing of	3.320 **	6.777 **	-
Selling	6.630 **	3.173 **	9.950 **	-
Sending to poor countries	11.015 **	7.558 **	14.335 **	4.385 **	-

**: significance of 0.01.

illustrates this.

There are statistically significant differences in how charity societies dispose of unsuitable waste and recycle it to achieve sustainability at a significant level of (0.01) in favor of disposing of, followed by recycling, remanufacturing, and, lastly, selling it.

Thus, in the first place comes disposing of it by burning those clothes, followed by recycling, re-manufacturing, selling, and lastly, sending them to poor countries. If burning the clothes comes in first place, it will cause environmental pollution, which reduces the quality of sustainability because optimal use is not achieved, contrary to what this study seeks. This study agrees with study [46] on the formation of clothing waste when the consumer decides to dispose of it and it is given to charity societies or sold as used clothes. However, they are often disposed of in the garbage, and they end up in municipal landfills, where more than one million tons of textiles are disposed of annually, while about 25% of them is recycled.

3.2. Hypothesis Two

There are statistically significant differences between the average scores of the sample members in the methods of classifying and sorting clothing waste to achieve its sustainability according to the study variables. To verify this hypothesis, variance analysis of the scores of the sample members is calculated as regards methods of classifying and sorting clothing waste to achieve its sustainability. The following

Table 15. Variance analysis of the scores of the sample members as regards methods of sorting clothing waste by charity societies.

Methods of Sorting Clothing Waste by Charity Societies	Total of Squares	Average Squares	Freedom Degrees	Value (F)	Significance
Between groups	368.329	92.082	4
Inside groups	12.106	6.053	2	15.212	0.01 D
Total	380.435		6

illustrates this.

From Table 15, it is clear that value (F) is (15.212), which a statistically significant value at a level of (0.01). This indicates that there are differences between the scores of the sample members as regards methods of sorting clothing waste by charity societies. To find the direction of significance, Scheffe tests for multiple comparisons are applied. The following

Table 16. Scheffe tests for multiple comparisons.

Methods of Sorting Clothing Waste by Charity Societies	Age M = 14.888	Color M = 3.001	Type of Clothes M = 11.528	Per Their Quality M = 8.202	Per Consumption M = 5.103
Age	-
Color	11.887 **	-
Disposing of	3.360 **	8.527 **	-
Selling	6.686 **	5.201 **	3.326 **	-
Sending to poor countries	9.785 **	2.102 **	6.425 **	3.099 **	-

**: significance of 0.01.

illustrates this.

From Table 16, the following is clear:

• There are statistically significant differences in the methods of sorting clothing waste by charity societies at a level of significance (0.01) in favor of age, type of clothes, then per their quality.
• There are statistically significant differences in the methods of sorting clothing waste by charity societies per consumption and color at a level of significance (0.05) in favor of per consumption.

Thus, in the first place comes age, followed by type of clothes, then per their quality, per consumption and, lastly, color. Sorting according to age facilitates distribution among families by the societies, as selection is made according to the ages of the family members. It is clear that charity societies are indifferent to the quality, type, and consumption of clothing, as they come at lower levels of age and type.

It is clear from

Table 17. Variance analysis of the scores of the sample members as regards cleaning clothing waste after sorting it.

Is the Clothing Waste Cleaned after the Sorting Process?	Total of Squares	Average Squares	Freedom Degrees	Value (F)	Significance
Between groups	285.781	142.890	2
Inside groups	17.553	4.388	4	32.562	0.01 D
Total	303.334		6

that value F is (32.562), which is a statistically significant value at a level of (0.01).This indicates that there are differences between the scores of the sample members as regards cleaning clothing waste after the sorting process. To find the direction of significance, Scheff tests for multiple comparisons were applied. The following

Table 18. Scheffe tests for multiple comparisons.

Is the Clothing Waste Cleaned after the Sorting Process?	Yes M = 12.358	Sometimes M = 8.320	No M = 6.002
Yes	-
Sometimes	** 4.308	-
No	** 6.356	** 2.318	-

**: significance of 0.01.

illustrates this.

The following is clear from Table 18:

• There are statistically significant differences in cleaning clothing waste after the sorting process at a significance level of (0.01) in favor of respondents (yes).
• There are statistically significant differences in cleaning clothing waste after the sorting process at a significance level of (0.05) in favor of respondents (sometimes).

Thus, in the first place comes ‘yes’, followed by ‘sometimes’, and, lastly, ‘no’.

It is clear from

Table 19. Variance analysis of the scores of the sample members in most types of clothing donated to charity societies.

The Most Types of Clothes Donated to Charity Societies	Total of Squares	Average Squares	Freedom Degrees	Value (F)	Significance
Between groups	268.503	134.252	2
Inside groups	13.566	3.392	4	39.584	0.01 D
Total	282.069		6

that value F is (39.584), which is a statistically significant value at a level of (0.01). This indicates that there are differences in the scores of the sample members in the most donated types of clothing to charity societies. To find the direction of significance, Scheffe tests for multiple comparisons were applied. The following

Table 20. Scheffe tests for multiple comparisons.

The Most Donated Types of Clothing to Charity Societies	Children’s Clothes M = 14.222	Women’s Clothes M = 9.527	Men’s Clothes M = 6.108
Children’s clothes	-
Women’s clothes	** 4.695	-
Men’s clothes	** 8.114	** 3.419	-

**: significance of 0.01.

illustrates this.

From Table 20, it is clear that there are statistically significant differences in most types of clothing donated to the charity societies at a level of significance (0.01) in favor of children’s clothes, then in favor of women’s clothes. Thus, in the first place come children’s clothes, followed by women’s clothes, and, lastly, men’s clothes. This is consistent with what is stated in the Introduction that the large percentage of the society’s groups is children.

3.3. Hypothesis Three

There are statistically significant differences between the average scores of the sample members as regards the societal impact of charity societies to achieve sustainability of clothing according to the study variables. To verify this hypothesis, the T test and the calculation of the variance analysis are applied for the scores of the sample members as regards the societal impact of charity societies to achieve clothing sustainability. The following

Table 21. Differences in the average scores of the sample members in registering the beneficiary groups in charity societies.

Are There Beneficiary Groups Registered in Charity Societies?	Arithmetic Mean	Standard Deviation	Sample	Freedom Degrees	Value (T)	Significance
Yes	18.886	2.096	6	5	8.403	D 0.01 in favor of Yes
No	11.327	1.452	1

illustrates this.

It is clear from Table 21, that value T is (8.403), which is a statistically significant value at a level of (0.01) in favor of ‘yes’. The average score of ‘yes’ is (18.886), while the average score of ‘no’ is (11.327).

It is clear from

Table 22. Differences in the average scores of the sample members in the method of communication between charity societies and beneficiary groups.

Method of Communication between Societies and Beneficiary Groups	Arithmetic Mean	Standard Deviation	Sample	Freedom Degrees	Value (T)	Significance
Bazaars	5.020	1.114	1	5	10.883
A registered group to be communicated with	16.609	2.088	6			D at 0.01 in favor of a registered group to be communicated with

, that value T is (10.883), which is a statistically significant value at a level of significance (0.01) in favor a registered group to be communicated with. The average score of a registered group to be communicated with is (16.609), while the average score of bazaars is (5.020).

From

Table 23. Variance analysis of the scores of the sample members in the most clothes that benefit from recycling.

The Most Clothes That Benefit from Recycling	Total of Squares	Average Squares	Freedom Degrees	Value (F)	Significance
Between groups	252.353	126.177	2
Inside groups	18.416	4.604	4	27.405	D 0.01
Total	270.769		6

, it is clear that value F is (27.405), which is a statistically significant value at a level of (0.01). This indicates that there are differences between the scores of the sample members in the most clothes that benefit from recycling. To find out the significance direction, Scheffe tests for multiple comparisons were applied. The following

Table 24. Scheffe tests for multiple comparisons.

The Most Clothes That Benefit from Recycling	Children’s Clothes M = 17.333	Women’s Clothes M = 13.520	Men’s Clothes M = 11.297
Children’s clothes	-
Women’s clothes	3.813 **	-
Men’s clothes	6.036 **	2.223 **	-

**: significance of 0.01.

illustrates this.

The following is clear from Table 24:

• There are statistically significant differences in the most clothes that benefit from recycling among children’s clothes, and both women’s and men’s clothes at a level of significance of (0.01) in favor of children’s clothes.
• There are statistically significant differences in the most clothes that benefit from recycling between women’s and men’s clothes at a significance level of (0.05) in favor of women’s clothes.

Thus, in first place comes children’s clothes, followed by women’s clothes and, lastly, men’s clothes.

It is clear from

Table 25. Differences in the average scores of the sample members as regards the societies’ voluntary role in clarifying the damage of clothing waste and its impact on the environment.

The Voluntary Role of Societies in Clarifying the Damage of Clothing Waste and Its Impact on Environment	Arithmetic Mean	Standard Deviation	Sample	Freedom Degrees	Value (T)	Significance
Yes	15.558	2.028	6	5	6.237	D at 0.01 in favor of yes group to be
No	8.773	1.359	1

that the T value is (6.237), which is a statistically significant value at a level of significance (0.01) in favor of ‘yes’, where the average score of ‘yes’ is (15.558), whereas the average score of ‘no’ is (8.773).

4. Conclusions

The study shed light on the extent with which the Saudi charity societies manage clothing waste that consumers discard. Results show that these societies offer a voluntary community service with individual efforts through the process of recycling these clothes. They need to upgrade from individual volunteer work to work under an integrated system gathering all charity societies in Saudi Arabia to achieve the principal goal of sustainability. Results show that they also need more organization and support by creating legislations and regulations by the National Center for Waste Management to organize clothing waste management. Data and statistics on clothing wastes should be available (MWAN), which are utilized in the processes of sustainability and are disposed of in landfills in order to preserve the environment. The study also shows the few numbers of factories specialized in sorting and recycling clothing waste in Saudi Arabia. Therefore, there should be work for establishing a strong infrastructure and making use of the potential since Saudi Arabia has a promising future, in addition to conducting further studies on the waste market and sales made by charity societies of surplus clothes. Finally, consumers in both Saudi and Arab societies should be aware of the importance of sustainable clothing and the impact of clothing waste on the society and environment.

Future research: Study the concept of the consumer’s awareness of clothing and the management of sustainability in the clothing sectors. Study local markets for clothing waste. Study the interest in environment and sustained purchases. In the end, recycling processes and the sustainability of clothing waste in Saudi Arabia are still in their early stages.