Emotional Intelligence as a Mediator between Parenting Style and Antisocial Behavior among Youth in Malaysia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
Hypothesis Development
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Research Design
2.2. Research Respondents
2.3. Research Instruments
2.3.1. Parental Authority Questionnaire (PAQ)
2.3.2. Subtypes of Antisocial Behavior Questionnaire (STAB)
2.3.3. Wong and Law Emotional Intelligence Scale (WLEIS)
2.4. Research Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Relationship between Parenting Styles, Antisocial Behaviors and Emotional Intelligence among the Youth in Selangor, Malaysia
3.2. Examining the Predictors of Antisocial Behavior
3.3. Determining Whether Emotional Intelligence Acts as a Mediator of the Relationship between Parenting Styles and Antisocial Behaviors among the Youth in Selangor, Malaysia
4. Discussion
4.1. The Relationships between Permissive, Authoritarian and Authoritative Parenting
4.2. The Relationship between Parenting Styles and Emotional Intelligence
4.3. Implications
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Frequency (n) | Percentage (%) |
---|---|---|
Gender | ||
Male | 150 | 37.5 |
Female | 250 | 62.5 |
Age (years) | ||
20 | 57 | 14.3 |
21 | 53 | 13.3 |
22 | 76 | 19.0 |
23 | 58 | 6.5 |
24 | 81 | 14.5 |
25 | 75 | 18.8 |
Education level | ||
Diploma | 184 | 46.0 |
Bachelor’s degree | 206 | 51.5 |
Master’s degree | 6 | 1.5 |
Professional license | 4 | 1 |
Status | ||
Student | 303 | 75.8 |
Working | 58 | 14.5 |
Not Working/Unemployed | 26 | 6.5 |
Working Temporary/Part-timer | 11 | 2.8 |
Student and working | 2 | 0.5 |
Permissive | Authoritarian | Authoritative | Emotional intelligence | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Permissive | - | |||
Authoritarian | −0.506 ** | - | ||
Authoritative | 0.548 ** | −0.500 ** | - | |
Emotional intelligence | 0.251 ** | −0.231 ** | 0.324 ** | - |
Antisocial behavior | −0.124 * | 0.358 ** | −0.137 * | −0.233 ** |
Criterion Variable | Predictor Variable | F | R2 | df | β | t | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Antisocial behavior | Authoritative | 49.248 ** | 0.128 | 3334 | −0.055 * | 1.295 | 0.023 |
Authoritarian | 52.354 ** | 0.368 | 3334 | 0.587 ** | 7.018 | 0.000 | |
Permissive | 51.222 ** | 0.371 | 3334 | −0.076 * | 0.938 | 0.031 | |
Control Variable | |||||||
Status of sample | 32.333 | 0.110 | 3334 | −0.233 | 1.222 | 0.061 | |
Gender | 33.233 | −0.112 | 3334 | 0.234 | 1.223 | 0.062 | |
Age | 33.233 | −0.112 | 3334 | −0.223 | 1.222 | 0.65 |
Model | β | SE | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Direct effect | |||
Full mediation | Permissive parenting -> Emotional intelligence | 0.777 | 0.211 | ** |
Emotional intelligence -> Antisocial behaviors | −0.139 | 0.301 | ** | |
Permissive parenting -> Antisocial behaviors | −0.139 | 0.256 | 0.067 | |
Indirect effect | ||||
Permissive Parenting -> Emotional intelligence -> Antisocial behaviors | −0.108 | 0.165 | ** | |
2 | Direct effect | |||
Partial mediation | Authoritative parenting -> Emotional intelligence | 0.857 | 0.264 | ** |
Emotional intelligence -> Antisocial behaviors | −0.136 | 0.352 | ** | |
Authoritative parenting -> Antisocial behaviors | −0.118 | 0.333 | ** | |
Indirect effect | ||||
Authoritative parenting -> Emotional intelligence -> Antisocial behaviors | −0.117 | 0.174 | ** | |
3 | Direct effect | |||
Partial mediation | Authoritarian parenting -> Emotional intelligence | −0.590 | 0.227 | ** |
Emotional intelligence -> Antisocial behaviors | −0.102 | 0.262 | ** | |
Authoritarian parenting -> Antisocial behaviors | 0.526 | 0.309 | ** | |
Indirect effect | ||||
Authoritative parenting -> Emotional intelligence -> Antisocial behaviors | 0.060 | 0.201 | ** |
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Amran Shah, A.; Rathakrishnan, B.; Bikar Singh, S.S.; Kamaluddin, M.R.; Yahaya, A.; Ab Rahman, Z. Emotional Intelligence as a Mediator between Parenting Style and Antisocial Behavior among Youth in Malaysia. Sustainability 2023, 15, 12811. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151712811
Amran Shah A, Rathakrishnan B, Bikar Singh SS, Kamaluddin MR, Yahaya A, Ab Rahman Z. Emotional Intelligence as a Mediator between Parenting Style and Antisocial Behavior among Youth in Malaysia. Sustainability. 2023; 15(17):12811. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151712811
Chicago/Turabian StyleAmran Shah, Afiqah, Balan Rathakrishnan, Soon Singh Bikar Singh, Mohammad Rahim Kamaluddin, Azizi Yahaya, and Zaizul Ab Rahman. 2023. "Emotional Intelligence as a Mediator between Parenting Style and Antisocial Behavior among Youth in Malaysia" Sustainability 15, no. 17: 12811. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151712811