Drivers of Scale and Sustainability of Food Safety Interventions in Informal Markets: Lessons from the Tanzanian Dairy Sector
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Analytical Framework
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Case Selection
3.2. Research Design
3.3. Setting, Sampling, and Data Collection
3.4. Data Analysis
4. Results
4.1. Reach Outcome: Intervention Reaches Traders, and Training and Certification Is Conducted
Implementing the T-and-C intervention was challenged by a lack of support from management, which did not embrace the initiative. The lack of policy that supports the scheme has made it difficult to secure funding, especially with the frequent change in leadership [45].
4.2. Change in Traders’ Capacity Outcome: Traders Learn about Product Quality, Business Skills, and Certification
Most traders fail to attend the training for all the planned days. Some traders missed training days, which meant that they lost essential training. Others simply have no time for this training. Some vendors have shunned training, while others register but do not consistently attend [48].
There is a serious language barrier, which hampers the effectiveness of the intervention, despite the good intentions. The available training materials are written in English, while most of the target group are fluent in Swahili [48].
There was a major problem with the mode of financing adopted for the training, limiting its business profitability. Most traders could not pay for the training, and I would only get a little profit when the number of those trained was high. However, the profitability of the training was low compared to other services provided [48].
I did not make any profit for the few traders; I trained because none of the vendors paid for the training. Instead, the traders expected to be paid for attending training, as is usually the case when they participate in donor-funded activities [49].
The training cost per trader included refreshments and transport costs for the vendors, valued at TSH 30,000, and the trainer’s profit, valued at TSH 10,000. The total amount charged to each trader was TSH 40,000 [49].
The training cost charged for each trader was TSH 3000 in 2010, but the cost had risen to TSH 5000 by 2017. No other costs were involved [48].
4.3. Behaviour and Practices Change the Outcome: Traders Acquire Certification and Improve Safety Practices
4.4. Direct Benefits Outcome: Quality of Product Sold Improves
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References and Notes
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The Generic ToC Assessment Steps | Outcome and Underlying Assumption Elements Assessed in T-and-C Theory of Change |
---|---|
Getting to reach: will the inputs delivered to reach the intended target group with the right reaction? | Outcome: Traders hear about training and certification We assessed whether the scheme reached the target group and the extent of realization of the following two ToC assumptions that supported the outcome: Assumption: An enabling policy environment exists for informal markets Under this assumption, we assessed (1) the position of current national policy on informal milk trade and (2) the nature of the relationship between food safety regulatory agencies and informal milk traders. Assumption: Right information reachesthe right actors We assessed whether TDB carried out a sensitization campaign to inform the informal sector traders about the existence of the intervention as foreseen in the intervention design and alternative approaches used by BDS providers to recruit traders for participation in the scheme. |
Getting from reach to capacity change: Will the input deliver the reach result in the intended capacity change? | Outcome: Traders learn about product quality, business skills, and certification We did not assess this outcome but assessed the extent of realization for the three assumptions supporting this outcome, as detailed below. Assumption: No barriers to accessing training. We assessed two aspects: (1) What could have been the limiting factors for participants to get involved: distance, timings, travel costs, and revenue loss? (2) Were there any participation criteria, such as the location of training and training costs set by the training facilitators that limited the traders’ attendance? Assumption: Materials and approaches are relevant, appropriate, and effective. We assessed (1) Does the training content cover important aspects for the traders? (2) Was the training delivered adequately, i.e., by trained individuals with adequate academic qualifications and the most optimal method? Assumption:Traders see direct incentives for participation. We assessed: What were the direct benefits for the traders who participated in the training compared to those who were not trained (more profitability, less harassment, larger customer base). |
Getting from capacity change to behavior change: Will the capacity change lead to the intended behavior changes? | Outcome: Traders acquire certification and improve safety practices We did not assess this outcome, but we assessed the extent of realization for the two assumptions detailed below. Assumption: Traders see incentives to get certified We assessed the following: (1) Does the intervention design have clear incentives for the traders to participate in the training? (2) What are these incentives? (3) How explicit are they? (4) How important are they for the traders? (5) How can they outweigh the potential challenges vendors may face to participate? Assumption: Practices are feasible, and traders see the incentive to adopt We assessed: Are the added costs to adopt the new practices reasonable for the profit margins that the traders make? |
Getting from behavior change to direct benefits: Will the behavior change lead to the intended direct benefits? | Outcome: Quality of the product sold improves We did not assess this outcome, but we evaluated the extent of realization for the two assumptions detailed below: Assumption: Traders trained are a large share of the market Did we assess the proportion of the study participants participating in the training and certification? Assumption: Practices are effective in the value chain context We assessed: (1) What positive impacts were realized from the training? (2) What impact was expected but not achieved? (3) Was improvement in milk quality achieved among trained traders? |
Getting from direct benefits to well-being changes: Do benefits lead to the intended well-being benefits? Adopted from: (Mayne, 2017) | Outcome: Increased consumption of safe milk by target consumers We did not assess this outcome or the realization of the two assumptions detailed below: Assumption:Product currently being consumed is contaminated Assumption:The main source of ASF is the informal market |
Type of Dairy Trader | No. of Responses | Respondents Attending Training % |
---|---|---|
Milk bar (n = 10) | 10 | 0 |
Mobile seller (n = 22) | 20 | 45 |
Shop (n = 43) | 42 | 5 |
Other (restaurant) (n = 8) | 7 | 14 |
Total vendors (n = 83) | 79 | 15 |
Medium-size middlemen (larger vehicles,) (n = 6) | 5 | 40 |
Very small-scale middlemen(motorbike) (n = 8) | 8 | 13 |
Very small-scale middlemen(walking) (n = 9) | 9 | 11 |
Unknown (n = 1) | 1 | 0 |
Total middlemen (n = 24) | 23 | 17 |
Middlemen | Vendors | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Government Attitude | Frequency | % | Government Attitude | Frequency | % |
No harassment | 5 | 23 | No conflict | 18 | 38 |
No support | 5 | 23 | No support | 14 | 30 |
Do not know | 4 | 18 | No conflict if licensed | 11 | 23 |
Keen on sale of milk from Aluminum containers | 2 | 9 | Public health advises on hygiene | 2 | 4 |
Penalized for non-compliance | 2 | 9 | Heavy taxation | 1 | 2 |
Harassment for being informal | 1 | 5 | Interacts with vets for vaccinations | 1 | 2 |
Insist on production and sale of milk | 1 | 5 | Total number of responses | 47 | 100 |
Takes bribe | 1 | 5 | |||
Training through TBS | 1 | 5 | |||
Total number of responses | 22 | 100 |
Are You a Member of Any Association Representing Vendors’ Interests? | Freq. | Percent (%) |
---|---|---|
No | 5 | 100 |
Total | 5 | 100 |
Positive Impacts of Training (n = 33) | % |
---|---|
Improved handling of milk | 36 |
Milk quality | 30 |
Cleaner premises | 12 |
Value-added skills | 6 |
Customer loyalty | 3 |
Other | 12 |
% Proportion of Milk Getting Spoiled Each Week | % Untrained (n = 86) | % Trained (n = 16) |
---|---|---|
0 | 27 | 31 |
1–10 | 54 | 44 |
11–20 | 7 | 12.5 |
21–30 | 6 | 0 |
41–50 | 5 | 0 |
91–100 | 1 | 12.5 |
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Kinyua, C.; Thebe, V. Drivers of Scale and Sustainability of Food Safety Interventions in Informal Markets: Lessons from the Tanzanian Dairy Sector. Sustainability 2023, 15, 13067. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151713067
Kinyua C, Thebe V. Drivers of Scale and Sustainability of Food Safety Interventions in Informal Markets: Lessons from the Tanzanian Dairy Sector. Sustainability. 2023; 15(17):13067. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151713067
Chicago/Turabian StyleKinyua, Charity, and Vusilizwe Thebe. 2023. "Drivers of Scale and Sustainability of Food Safety Interventions in Informal Markets: Lessons from the Tanzanian Dairy Sector" Sustainability 15, no. 17: 13067. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151713067