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Review

Research on the Progress of Agricultural Non-Point Source Pollution Management in China: A Review

by
Yanrong Lu
1,
Chen Wang
1,
Rongjin Yang
2,
Meiying Sun
2,
Le Zhang
2,
Yuying Zhang
1 and
Xiuhong Li
1,*
1
State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
2
State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, No. 8, Da Yang Fang, An Wai, Chao Yang District, Beijing 100012, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Sustainability 2023, 15(18), 13308; https://doi.org/10.3390/su151813308
Submission received: 14 July 2023 / Revised: 23 August 2023 / Accepted: 3 September 2023 / Published: 5 September 2023
(This article belongs to the Section Social Ecology and Sustainability)
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Abstract

:
In the 1980s, China began to recognize the gravity of the problem of non-point agricultural source pollution and conduct research on it. Agricultural non-point source pollution in China, on the other hand, differs from foreign agricultural non-point source pollution and industrial point source pollution. Because the features of agricultural non-point source pollution are complicated, it is critical to investigate a whole-chain management policy system appropriate for China’s agricultural pattern. Based on the current situation of agricultural non-point source pollution in China, this study summarizes the four stages of agricultural non-point source pollution prevention and control policies, namely the discovery stage with macro policies as the main focus, the exploration stage with single research indicators, the initial systematic strengthening stage, and the focused stage with targeted characteristics. Simultaneously, it examined the technological approaches that are suitable for China’s national circumstances and have been investigated by relying on international experience in present-day Chinese management. However, there are still some problems and challenges in agricultural non-point source pollution management policies, such as a lack of non-point source information support, a lack of coordination between different departments, a lack of support in measurement and retroactive calculation and treatment, a lack of an in-depth concept of zoning and classification, a lack of policy, an institutional system, and insufficient capital investment. Based on these problems and combining them with Green Agriculture, Beautiful China, and other goals, this paper puts forward suggestions to strengthen the policy data support of the agricultural non-point source pollution management system, enhance the research and development of the law of pollutant migration and transformation, encourage the innovation of low-cost and high-benefit treatment technology, improve the construction of the management system, strengthen the collaboration of departments, increase the investment of funds, and make other suggestions so as to promote the treatment of agricultural non-point source pollution with high quality and efficiency.

1. Introduction

According to data, agricultural non-point source pollution has contaminated 30–50% of the earth’s surface [1,2,3]. Nitrogen and phosphorus from agricultural sources represent 81% and 93% of China’s water pollution, respectively. The issue of agricultural non-point source pollution is hopeful, and it is obvious that non-point source pollution has turned into an essential danger to watershed health in China [4,5,6]. As a result, scholars have been studying agricultural non-point source pollution. since the 1970s [7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22]. China has explored policies and management techniques separately. In terms of policy, from the initial macro prevention and control improvement to the overall and systematic, it has gradually formed. In terms of management technology, China draws lessons from best management practices in other countries and develops targeted technologies based on the actual situation. However, there are still certain issues with the agricultural non-point source pollution management system, such as insufficient management system and policy data support, insufficient capital investment, and a lack of a policy system. This research has not generated a systematic methodology [4]. China’s research also needs to learn from international research on the management of agricultural non-point source pollution and the merits of the policy. Then, it is contextualized and thoroughly researched. In the key stage, problems should be solved. Shortcomings should be filled, and agricultural non-point source pollution control should be further improved.

2. Review Methodology

The purpose of this study is to summarize the situation of agricultural non-point source pollution management and propose suggestions for the management of agricultural non-point source pollution in China. To ensure the quality of the review, we collected review papers, journal articles, research reports, and policies from the Web of Science, CNKI, and government official websites. To maintain the quality of the review, we used the keywords “agricultural non-point source pollution”, “policy”, and “management” to search for useful references.
In this study, we used the literature research method to collect meaningful information. This review provides knowledge about agricultural non-point source pollution management in China to agriculturists, practitioners associated with agriculture, and water quality management systems to manage agricultural non-point source pollution effectively.

3. The Situation of Agricultural Non-Point Source Pollution Management

3.1. Agricultural Non-Point Source Pollution Management in China

Since the early 1970s, in order to increase grain yield per unit area and meet people’s demand for grain, fertilizer input in agricultural production has been increasing year by year [23,24]. Furthermore, large-scale aquaculture is quickly developing in our country [25,26,27]. Due to the excessive use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides and the expansion of the aquaculture industry, agricultural non-point source pollution is becoming increasingly serious. China began to pay attention to the problem of agricultural non-point source pollution and began to investigate and explore agricultural non-point source pollution measures and management.

3.1.1. Introduction of Targeted Policies to Strengthen the System for Controlling Pollution from Non-Point Agricultural Sources

Agricultural non-point source pollution research began in the 1980s in China. The excessive use of fertilizers and pesticides on farmland causes agricultural non-point source pollution, leading to prominent environmental pollution [28]. Agricultural non-point source pollution began to be given importance by the state, and the policy system for preventing and controlling agricultural non-point source pollution was gradually established.
After comprehensive analysis and sorting, this study divides the policy system for preventing and controlling agricultural non-point source pollution into four stages: discovery stage, exploration stage, strengthening stage, and focus stage (Figure 1 and Figure 2).
Discovery Stage: From the 1980s to 2000, this was the initial stage of the study on agricultural non-point source pollution. In China, it realized the seriousness of agricultural non-point source pollution and successively issued Regulations on Pesticide Management, Regulations on the Management of Restricted Use of Pesticides, a Notice on Strengthening Urban Water Supply Water-saving and Water Pollution Prevention and Control, and other relevant policy documents. These documents pointed out the serious problem of agricultural non-point source pollution and stressed the need to regulate the treatment; this stage is biased toward macrocontrol.
Exploration Stage: From 2000 to 2010, research on agricultural non-point source pollution began to explore the establishment of assessment schemes based on statistical models. In the assessment schemes, most of them focused on the risk assessment of non-point source pollution, and the indicators were relatively simple, mainly nitrogen and phosphorus. Most of the policies were guidance and encouragement. For example, “Opinions on Strengthening Rural Environmental Protection” and “Guidance for National Rural Environmental Monitoring Work”.
Strengthening Stage: From 2010 to 2015, systematic policies for preventing and controlling pollution from agricultural non-point sources began to take shape. In particular, the Regulations on Pollution Prevention and Control of Large-scale Livestock and Poultry Farming were promulgated in 2013, a milestone document indicating that China’s policy on agricultural non-point source pollution prevention is more inclined to be systematic and holistic. The three major pollution prevention and control plans issued by the state also emphasized agricultural non-point source pollution and comprehensive treatment, which is a further strengthening of the earlier agricultural non-point source pollution prevention and control policies.
Focus Stage: Since 2015, further detailed and more targeted prevention and control policies for agricultural non-point source pollution have been proposed. In 2015, the Ministry of Agriculture issued the “Implementation Opinions on Fighting the Battle of Prevention and Control of Agricultural Non-point Source Pollution”, which was the first time that China issued a special policy on the prevention and control of agricultural non-point source pollution, marking that the prevention and control of agricultural non-point source pollution has entered a key area that needs to be emphasized and prevented. In the later period, various provinces also introduced local measures to control agricultural non-point pollution according to local conditions. For example, Beijing, Shanghai, and Zhejiang Province all responded quickly to the national requirements and pointed out that the control of agricultural non-point source pollution was urgent in the construction policies of ecological environment governance and rural revitalization. In 2021, it officially launched the targeted plan “Implementation Plan for Agricultural Non-Point Source Pollution Control and Supervision (Trial)” in China. The plan emphasizes further promoting agricultural non-point source pollution control, improving the policy mechanism of agricultural non-point source pollution control, strengthening supervision and management of agricultural non-point source pollution control, and pilot demonstrations. At this stage, the prevention and control system is gradually clear.

3.1.2. The Research Has Explored More Suitable Agricultural Non-Point Source Management Technology for China

The continuous introduction of the policy system for agricultural non-point source pollution control also guarantees a thorough study of the non-point source pollution assessment model and system. Best management practices are considered the most effective way to control non-point source pollution in agriculture [29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36]. Therefore, combining the national conditions of our country with the application of best management practices to non-point source pollution in our country, some scholars have made a statistical collection of more than 200 related research results on the evaluation efficiency of best management practices. They established the evaluation toolbox for the best management measures of the Miyun Reservoir watershed and constructed an evaluation scheme based on a statistical model. This assessment scheme only requires users to input the slope and other information to obtain an assessment of the possible pollutant reduction efficiency after the use of a certain best management practice [37]. In view of different regional characteristics, many scholars have proposed small watershed governance models and conducted research in typical regions [38]. After the follow-up studies strengthened the monitoring of pollutants, some scholars also proposed the study of pollution models to support the assessment and evaluation of non-point source pollution. Jiao Feng et al. [39] conducted a study in the Hufu watershed of Yixing City, Jiangsu Province, where non-point source output was the main source of total nitrogen output in this basin. They used the SWAT model to explore that the main source of total nitrogen output in this basin was the paddy field, and the change in land use and rainfall would lead to pollution. Zhao Gang, Chen Xin et al. [40,41] used the AGNPS model to simulate and evaluate the study area and believed that this model was feasible for small watershed governance.
According to the generation and development process of agricultural non-point source pollution, most studies consider that management technologies can be divided into source control, process interception, and terminal purification (Table 1). Chinese scholars also studied and explored relevant governance technologies by process. In terms of source control, it mainly studies the optimization of fertilization technology, such as soil testing formula technology, new slow and controlled release fertilizer technology, manure replacement technology, etc. This type of technology can reduce fertilizer dosages and increase efficiency. In terms of process interception, the research focuses on biological treatment technology using suitable plants to filter water, such as ecological interception ditches, plant filter belts, and constructed wetlands. In terms of terminal purification, there are artificial floating islands, submerged restoration of aquatic plants, and other technologies [42,43,44].
With the continuous improvement of policies and the updating of evaluation techniques, researchers have gradually explored more Chinese characteristics of agricultural non-point source management methods and techniques [45,46,47].

3.2. Agricultural Non-Point Source Management Experience in Other Countries

The management of agricultural non-point source pollution began earlier in foreign countries than in our country. Each country studied the appropriate policies, systems, and management methods according to its own national conditions and the degree of agricultural non-point source pollution [48]. For example, the United States, which first paid attention to agricultural non-point source pollution, promulgated the Water Quality Protection Law in the 1960s and 1970s and constantly revised and improved the Clean Water Act. It clearly defined agricultural non-point source pollution in policy, took agricultural non-point source pollution as the control target, and proposed to control rainwater runoff [49,50,51,52]. Subsequently, the Best Management Practices (BMPs) method was created on the basis of the Act. BMPs refer to any method, measure, or operating procedure that can reduce or prevent water pollution, including engineering or non-engineering operation and maintenance procedures [34,53,54,55,56,57,58]. In terms of management, it is also pioneering and innovative. Based on the concept of watershed management and the means of ecological compensation, it has established a whole-process monitoring system of “source target constraint, all-factor governance requirements, regulatory means, governance mechanisms, and end-governance requirements” and studied and introduced all-round overall management policies. The European Union also implemented the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) in its member states in 1960, some of which are related to agricultural non-point source pollution control policy measures, such as the registration system of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, governments increasing environmental protection funds, and subsidies to farmers who adopt environmentally friendly technologies. Every year, the EU invests a large amount of financial support in pollution control from non-point agricultural sources and sets up special funds for structural adjustment of agricultural production, providing great financial support. At the same time, the EU is investing in research to develop new environmentally friendly technologies [59,60,61,62,63]. On the basis of EU governance, Germany also implemented ecological compensation policies to promote the treatment of agricultural non-point source pollution [64,65]. On the other hand, Japan focuses on the policy of circular economy, implements circular agriculture to reduce the application of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, and establishes a comprehensive prevention and control system for agricultural non-point source pollution [66,67,68,69].
The United States, Europe, and other countries also began to study the occurrence mechanism, pathogen transmission, and pollution effects of non-point source pollution at an early stage and contributed some effective management technologies [42]. Among them is vegetation filter strip technology for process interception [70,71,72,73,74,75]. The front-end database technology, which has many successful cases in Europe, America, and Japan, belongs to Ecological engineering technology [76,77,78]. In view of the back-end purification of agricultural non-point source pollution, Americans study artificial floating island technology [44,79,80,81] (Table 2).
Considering the situation in various countries, Chinese non-point source pollution management should also learn from other countries and deepen research on technology and policies suitable for Chinese non-point source pollution.

4. Problems and Challenges

After more than 40 years of research on agricultural non-point source pollution management, technology research is innovating and the policy system is improving. However, due to the complex characteristics of agricultural non-point source pollution, there are still problems and challenges in the process of control (Figure 3).
First, the lack of information support for non-point source pollution and the lack of coordination between different departments lead to deviations in policy formulation. Most farmers in our country are planting and fertilizing farmland based on their own planting experience and habits, lacking specialized techniques. This planting and fertilization method cannot make the fertilizer pesticide fully play a role, which not only causes a waste of resources but also causes serious pollution to the environment [82,83]. The same is true of the livestock and poultry breeding industries, where farmers unreasonably discharge manure and wastewater from livestock and poultry according to their habits, resulting in aggravated agricultural non-point source pollution [84]. However, the government and relevant agricultural departments cannot accurately grasp the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides by farmers and the dumping of waste water from livestock and poultry breeding. Accurate statistics on livestock and poultry farmers make it impossible to detect and monitor the discharge of pollutants from free-range farmers. In addition, different departments lack coordination on non-point source pollution statistics. Although there are standards for fertilizers, pesticides, livestock, and poultry production, environmental considerations are rarely taken into account. For the sale of fertilizers and pesticides, there are clear sales areas; however, the government cannot know the quality and safety of the products. These potentially dispersed pollutant emissions and insufficient information support for non-point source pollution make agricultural non-point source pollution more serious.
Second, the retroactive measurement and treatment in the process of agricultural non-point source pollution control cannot support the management research and has not formed a whole chain and all-round treatment process. An important step in controlling agricultural non-point source pollution is to trace the source of pollutants, which needs to be monitored at the source. Although state-controlled section monitoring stations have been set up throughout the country, agricultural non-point source pollution is widely distributed and has strong randomness. It is far from enough to set up state-controlled section monitoring. Moreover, the density of existing monitoring sites does not fully match the density of the river network, and the support for traceability analysis, evaluation, and assessment of agricultural non-point source pollution is insufficient [30]. Due to the lack of monitoring sites, incomplete fertilizer in farmland entered the surface runoff with precipitation, and the pollution of the water environment could not be detected in time. In the relevant policies, monitoring is only a guideline without specifying whether to strengthen monitoring or encrypt monitoring points in special areas or periods, and a targeted agricultural non-point source pollution monitoring system has not been formed. At the same time, there is no specific operational governance technology due to the lack of policy guidance and support. Each technical link is not perfect, resulting in the management process not being all-around successful.
Third, planning management has not been implemented, and the concept of zoning classification has not received in-depth policy and implementation. All parts of the country are affected by agricultural non-point source pollution; however, the factors causing non-point source pollution are not the same. For example, the Yangtze River Economic Belt is mainly caused by livestock and poultry farming; the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region is caused by excessive use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides; and the Yellow River Basin planting structure problems lead to serious soil erosion, thus worsening agricultural non-point source pollution. Therefore, it is necessary to adapt to local conditions. According to the development, mode, characteristics, and other factors of different regions, zoning, and classification of reasonable management [85] can be conducted. What else, according to different crops in different regions, cultivation, and planting modes, can be conducted to determine the key areas of agricultural non-point source control, perform a good job in series analysis between field and section, and determine the most suitable regional agricultural non-point source pollution control technology and policy system?
Fourth, the agricultural non-point source pollution management policy system has not established a complete system, and the special fund support is insufficient. Although it has already introduced relevant policies on agricultural non-point source pollution control and launched the targeted program in China in 2021, most of the policies have strong guidance and planning, and no assessment system or policy guarantee system standards have been established for agricultural non-point source pollution. lack of specific formulation of relevant non-point source pollution control standards and effect evaluation techniques either. The lack of evaluation system standards will make it impossible to implement accurate measures to control non-point source pollution at the regional level, and the amount of pollutants cannot be assessed; therefore, agricultural non-point source pollution cannot obtain targeted prevention and control [86]. At the same time, the special funds for the treatment of agricultural non-point source pollution are not enough to support its research, and the absorption of social funds is insufficient, resulting in little effect on the treatment of agricultural non-point source pollution.

5. Suggestions of Agricultural Non-Point Source Pollution Management in China

The “Agricultural Non-Point Source Pollution Control and Supervision and Guidance Implementation Plan (Trial)” emphasizes the importance of agricultural non-point source pollution control in the development of green agriculture in China, and no effort will be spared in managing agricultural non-point source pollution. The research on non-point source pollution management should be more targeted, particular, and practical (Figure 4).

5.1. Strengthen Data Support for the Management of Pollution from Non-Point Agricultural Source

In the research on non-point source pollution control, the principle of “source reduction, process control, and end purification” has been advocated, and it is necessary to grasp the source, grasp the process, and take good care of the end. Therefore, whole-process and whole-chain monitoring is an important step in agricultural non-point source pollution control. Effective management policies and systems need the support of comprehensive and detailed data. At present, based on the national water environment monitoring network and aiming at the characteristics of non-point source pollution, monitoring points should be arranged in fine detail, and advanced monitoring technologies such as remote sensing should be adopted for comprehensive monitoring of water quality changes and types of water environmental pollutants [87,88]. Agricultural non-point source pollution is irregular and has different changes in flood season, non-flood season, rainy season, and non-rainy season. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out encrypted dynamic monitoring in special periods, high-frequency monitoring in typical areas, and consider the optimal monitoring scale. Accelerate the establishment of a dynamic monitoring network, fully cover the source pollution area, strengthen the collection and processing of useful data, and improve the big data center for non-point source pollution.

5.2. Strengthen Technical Research on the Rules Governing the Migration and Transformation of Pollution Sources from Non-Point Agricultural Sources and Increase Investment in Research and Development

The key to the agricultural non-point source pollution control process is source control, and the key to source control is to trace pollutants to migration and transformation [89]. Pollutant tracing is helpful to determine the priority pollutants to be controlled and the key management areas. Therefore, it is urgent to strengthen research on the migration and transformation laws of pollution sources, such as isotope tracing technology and spectral fingerprint technology, and increase R&D investment.

5.3. Support and Encourage Innovation in Low-Cost, Cost-Effective, and Practical Technologies for Controlling Pollution from Non-Point Agricultural Sources

Agricultural non-point source pollution control needs to strengthen treatment technology, innovation in green science, and technology in agriculture. One of the reasons for the aggravation of agricultural non-point source pollution is that fertilizer cannot fully play its role [90]. It is necessary to improve the utilization rate of chemical fertilizers and pesticides and increase the absorption of cultivated crops into chemical fertilizers and pesticides. It is also possible to use organic fertilizer instead of traditional chemical fertilizer to achieve optimal fertilization effects. Promote organic agriculture and use green materials for planting. This not only improves agricultural non-point-source pollution but also forms sustainable agriculture. Secondly, scientific and reasonable planning is needed for land [91]. New technologies for wastewater treatment are developed and set up along the runoff path to control pollutants at the source. At the same time, it is possible to learn from foreign agricultural technology experience and study circular farmland technology suitable for China. This will enable the full utilization of fertilizers and pesticides, the production of feces in the livestock and poultry industries, and the treatment of wastewater as fertilizer entering the farmland, forming a virtuous environmental cycle. Based on the agricultural pattern in China, innovate low-cost, cost-effective, and practical governance technologies to ensure their implementation and promotion.

5.4. Accelerate the Formulation of a Sound Agricultural Non-Point Source Pollution Management System and Strengthen Departmental Coordination and Financial Input

The control of agricultural non-point source pollution needs to be supported by assessment standards, and specific standards should be explored based on targeted and guiding schemes. According to the monitoring data, a system standard with high feasibility and strong applicability is formulated, and the assessment system of agricultural non-point source pollution based on the whole chain of “Measurement, Traceability, Calculation, Governance, and Management” is studied (Figure 4).
Implement management by zoning and classification, from section to river basin, starting from small areas and spreading from small to large, taking the experience of priority demonstration areas as an example, to all provinces and cities, and finally achieve the target of non-point source pollution control [92]. Forming a set of agricultural non-point source pollution policies and guarantee systems in line with China is the final goal. When the policy system is introduced, the previous policy coordination between different departments should be strengthened; for example, the agricultural department and the environmental protection department should cooperate and co-govern, and the division of labor should be reasonable.
In addition, the policy standards can be refined. For example, the policy standards can learn from foreign experience, adopt a reward and punishment mechanism, reward farmers who use environmentally friendly technologies, punish farmers or enterprises that use fertilizers and waste discharge irrationally, and improve farmers’ enthusiasm and awareness of participation in environmental protection. What else? Increase publicity on the hazards and losses of non-point source pollution, enhance the awareness of environmental protection among the whole population, strengthen professional training for farmers in planting and breeding, encourage farmers to participate in agricultural non-point source control work, and enhance their participation awareness. The government should also strengthen the investment of special funds in non-point source pollution control [93] and can also leverage local and social funds to implement relevant policies to attract enterprises and social organizations to invest in non-point source pollution control; therefore, as to make sufficient funds for non-point source pollution control and better support the detailed formulation of relevant evaluation systems and policy guarantee system standards.

6. Conclusions

This study is based on a summary of the agricultural non-point source pollution management procedure in China and an examination of international experience in agricultural non-point source pollution management. It investigates common problems and makes breakthrough suggestions for each node of the agricultural non-point source pollution chain, serving as a reference for agricultural non-point source pollution management and policy creation.
Agricultural non-point source pollution research in China is progressing from discovery to exploration of management technology suitable for China, and policy is likewise progressing from the simple discovery stage to the focus stage. Positive progress has also been made in this stage.
  • Targeted policies and provisions have been introduced, such as “Implementation Opinions on Fighting the Critical Battle of Agricultural Non-Point Source Pollution Control”, “Implementation Plan of Agricultural Non-Point Source Pollution Control, Supervision, and Guidance (Trial)”, etc.
  • Pilot projects have been established nationwide, and results have been achieved in controlling agricultural non-point source pollution in key areas, such as the Miyun Reservoir Basin and Taihu Lake Basin.
In the focus stage of agricultural non-point source pollution management, it should face the problems and challenges head-on, combine GIS technology, model simulation, and field monitoring means, and make breakthroughs in the following aspects:
  • In the technical chain, it is necessary to strengthen the data support of agricultural non-point source pollution management policies and institutions and the technical research on the migration and transformation laws of agricultural non-point source pollution sources.
  • Strengthen the coordination of departments in the information chain.
  • In the management chain, it needs to encourage the innovation of low-cost, high-benefit, and practical treatment technology for agricultural non-point source pollution and accelerate the development of a sound agricultural non-point source pollution management system evaluation system.
  • To strengthen the improvement of the capital chain, strengthen research and development investment.
During the 14th Five-Year Plan period, there should be new countermeasures for the prevention and control of agricultural non-point source pollution. China can learn from the experience of typical foreign cases but not copy them. Instead, it should grasp the laws of China’s agriculture to design management policies and systems. Agricultural non-point source pollution is different from industrial point source pollution, which needs low-cost and high-benefit management technology support. It is a long and arduous task to research the prevention and control of non-point-source pollution in agriculture. Strengthening research and introducing reasonable policies and institutions will lay a solid foundation for green agricultural development in 2035 and a beautiful China in 2050.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, R.Y. and X.L.; Methodology, M.S. and L.Z.; Formal analysis, Y.L.; Investigation, Y.Z.; Writing—original draft, C.W. and Y.L.; Writing—review and editing, R.Y. and C.W.; Supervision, X.L.; Project administration, L.Z. and Y.Z. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research was supported by the National Key Research and Development Project of China (No. 2021YFC3201500).

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

The data presented in this study are available on reasonable request from the corresponding author. The data are not publicly available due to privacy.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Figure 1. History of Agricultural Non-point Source Pollution Prevention and Control.
Figure 1. History of Agricultural Non-point Source Pollution Prevention and Control.
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Figure 2. Phase diagram of Agricultural Non-point Source Pollution Prevention and Control.
Figure 2. Phase diagram of Agricultural Non-point Source Pollution Prevention and Control.
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Figure 3. Problems and suggestions on agricultural non-point source pollution in China.
Figure 3. Problems and suggestions on agricultural non-point source pollution in China.
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Figure 4. The Whole chain agricultural non-point source pollution system.
Figure 4. The Whole chain agricultural non-point source pollution system.
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Table 1. Management Techniques for Agricultural Non-point Source Pollution Process.
Table 1. Management Techniques for Agricultural Non-point Source Pollution Process.
Management ProcessTechnical Method
source controlsoil testing formula technology
new slow and controlled release fertilizer technology
Manure replacement technology
Water-saving irrigation and integrated water fertilizer technology
Techniques for preventing soil erosion
process interceptionecological interception ditch
plant filter belt
Constructed wetland
Vegetation filter strip
terminal purificationartificial floating islands
submerged restoration of aquatic plants
Table 2. Agricultural non-point source management experience in other countries.
Table 2. Agricultural non-point source management experience in other countries.
CountryPolicyTechnology
The United Statesthe Water Quality Protection LawBMPs
the Clean Water Actthe artificial floating island
Comprehensive Environmental Response Compensation and Liability LawThe front-end database
Water Quality Improvement Act
The European Union statesDrinking Water Actorganic agriculture
EU Water Framework DirectiveAgricultural Best Nutrient Management
the Common Agricultural Policy
German Fertilizer Regulations (Germany)
JapanFertilizer Management LawThe front-end database
Water Pollution Prevention and Control Lawcircular agriculture
Law on Promoting the Formation of a Circular Society
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Lu, Y.; Wang, C.; Yang, R.; Sun, M.; Zhang, L.; Zhang, Y.; Li, X. Research on the Progress of Agricultural Non-Point Source Pollution Management in China: A Review. Sustainability 2023, 15, 13308. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151813308

AMA Style

Lu Y, Wang C, Yang R, Sun M, Zhang L, Zhang Y, Li X. Research on the Progress of Agricultural Non-Point Source Pollution Management in China: A Review. Sustainability. 2023; 15(18):13308. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151813308

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lu, Yanrong, Chen Wang, Rongjin Yang, Meiying Sun, Le Zhang, Yuying Zhang, and Xiuhong Li. 2023. "Research on the Progress of Agricultural Non-Point Source Pollution Management in China: A Review" Sustainability 15, no. 18: 13308. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151813308

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