An Empirical Study of New Rural Collective Economic Organization in Alleviating Relative Poverty among Farmers
Abstract
:1. Introduction
Consolidate and improve the achievements of the reform of the rural collective property rights system, build an operating mechanism with clear property rights relations, scientific governance structure, stable business operation mode, and reasonable income distribution, and explore diversified ways to develop the new rural collective economy, such as resource contract-out, property rental, intermediary service, and asset equity participation [3].
2. Literature Review
3. Theoretical Analysis and Research Hypotheses
3.1. The Direct Alleviation Effect of New Rural Collective Economic Organizations on Relative Poverty
3.2. The Cross-Level Interaction Effect of New Rural Collective Economic Organizations on the Impact of Farmers’ Income Variables on the Relative Poverty of Farmers
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Model Setting
4.1.1. HLM Model
4.1.2. Model Settings
4.2. Variable Selection
4.3. Data Source
5. Results
5.1. Diagnostic Test of the Cross-Layer Impact of the New Rural Collective Economy on Relative Poverty among Farmers
5.2. The Direct Alleviation Effect of New Rural Collective Economic Organizations on Relative Poverty among Farmers
5.3. Cross-Level Interaction of New Rural Collective Economic Organizations in Alleviating Relative Poverty among Farmers: Based on Income Promotion Effect
5.4. Robust Analysis of the Cross-Layer role of New Rural Collective Economic Organizations in Alleviating Relative Poverty among Farmers
6. Discussion and Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Y1 | Y2 | Y3 | Y1 | Y2 | Y3 | Y1 | Y2 | Y3 | Y1 | Y2 | Y3 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(13) | (14) | (15) | (16) | (17) | (18) | (19) | (20) | (21) | (22) | (23) | (24) | |
Farmers’ Level | ||||||||||||
X4 | −0.1349 *** | −0.1375 *** | −0.1651 *** | −0.3888 *** | −0.4353 *** | −0.4522 *** | −0.1513 *** | −0.1751 *** | −0.1898 *** | −0.1807 *** | −0.2096 *** | −0.2196 *** |
(0.0206) | (0.0191) | (0.0182) | (0.0384) | (0.0382) | (0.0371) | (0.0108) | (0.0100) | (0.0096) | (0.0111) | (0.0105) | (0.0101) | |
X5 | −0.2149 *** | −0.2018 *** | −0.1753 *** | −0.1979 *** | −0.1834 *** | −0.1589 *** | −0.2156 *** | −0.2019 *** | −0.1759 *** | −0.1980 *** | −0.1839 *** | −0.1594 *** |
(0.0122) | (0.0114) | (0.0109) | (0.0127) | (0.0119) | (0.0113) | (0.0121) | (0.0114) | (0.0109) | (0.0127) | (0.0119) | (0.0114) | |
X6 | −0.1068 *** | −0.0969 *** | −0.0893 *** | −0.1111 *** | −0.1035 *** | −0.0985 *** | −0.1250 *** | −0.1191 *** | −0.1102 *** | −0.1023 *** | −0.0614 * | −0.0224 |
(0.0108) | (0.0102) | (0.0098) | (0.0114) | (0.0108) | (0.0103) | (0.0195) | (0.0188) | (0.0181) | (0.0348) | (0.0341) | (0.0326) | |
Control Variable | Control | Control | Control | Control | Control | Control | Control | Control | Control | Control | Control | Control |
Community Level | ||||||||||||
1.V1 | −0.9587 ** | −0.8410 ** | −0.6347 * | −0.9674 ** | −1.5625 *** | −0.8129 ** | ||||||
(0.4397) | (0.3889) | (0.3589) | (0.4001) | (0.3685) | (0.3500) | |||||||
1.V2 | 0.2430 | 0.4481 ** | 0.2691 | −0.0385 | −0.0362 | −0.1036 | ||||||
(0.1915) | (0.1798) | (0.1728) | (0.1671) | (0.1606) | (0.1548) | |||||||
2.V2 | −0.7947 *** | −0.7270 *** | −0.8276 *** | 0.0860 | −0.0462 | −0.1134 | ||||||
(0.2716) | (0.2493) | (0.2361) | (0.2517) | (0.2338) | (0.2240) | |||||||
V3 | 0.0516 | 0.1030 *** | 0.0856 *** | −0.1335 *** | −0.0715 ** | −0.0645 ** | ||||||
(0.0459) | (0.0362) | (0.0289) | (0.0294) | (0.0292) | (0.0266) | |||||||
1.V5 | 0.6301 ** | 0.8653 *** | 0.6896 *** | 1.3439 *** | 1.3846 *** | 1.2743 *** | ||||||
(0.2741) | (0.2647) | (0.2537) | (0.3091) | (0.2996) | (0.2847) | |||||||
V4 | −0.2749 | −0.9405 ** | −0.3819 | −1.0045 *** | −1.3363 *** | −0.8580 ** | ||||||
(0.4507) | (0.4048) | (0.3784) | (0.3847) | (0.3500) | (0.3366) | |||||||
2.V6 | −1.8673 *** | −1.4367 *** | −1.1462 *** | −0.4787 ** | −0.3945 ** | −0.3330 ** | ||||||
(0.2091) | (0.1966) | (0.1856) | (0.1922) | (0.1775) | (0.1680) | |||||||
V8 | −1.35 × 10−6 *** | −1.37 × 10−6 *** | −1.47 × 10−6 *** | −9.83 × 10−7 *** | −1.05 × 10−6 *** | −1.06 × 10−6 *** | ||||||
(3.01 × 10−8) | (2.60 × 10−7) | (2.77 × 10−7) | (2.27 × 10−7) | (2.32 × 10−7) | (2.34 × 10−7) | |||||||
1.V9 | −1.7667 *** | −1.9770 *** | −2.0831 *** | −0.0908 | 0.1671 | 0.4336 * | ||||||
(0.3105) | (0.3105) | (0.3030) | (0.2521) | (0.2477) | (0.2376) | |||||||
Interaction Term | ||||||||||||
1.V1#c.X4(X6) | 0.0665 | 0.0617 | 0.0487 | 0.0766 | 0.1734 *** | 0.0802 | ||||||
(0.0552) | (0.0486) | (0.0447) | (0.0569) | (0.0517) | (0.0496) | |||||||
1.V2#c.X4(X6) | −0.0185 | −0.0437 * | −0.0268 | 0.0206 | 0.0228 | 0.0257 | ||||||
(0.0245) | (0.0229) | (0.0219) | (0.0241) | (0.0231) | (0.0222) | |||||||
2.V2#c.X4(X6) | 0.0632 * | 0.0602 * | 0.0671** | −0.0590 | −0.0317 | −0.0282 | ||||||
(0.0341) | (0.0313) | (0.0295) | (0.0366) | (0.0337) | (0.0321) | |||||||
c.V3#c.X4(X6) | −0.0108 * | −0.0161 *** | −0.0128 *** | 0.0141 *** | 0.0065 * | 0.0068 * | ||||||
(0.0056) | (0.0047) | (0.0036) | (0.0038) | (0.0038) | (0.0036) | |||||||
1.V5#c.X4 | −0.1048 *** | −0.1398 *** | −0.1174 *** | −0.1819 *** | −0.1908 *** | −0.1801 *** | ||||||
(0.0346) | (0.0335) | (0.0320) | (0.0388) | (0.0376) | (0.0356) | |||||||
c.V4#c.X4(X6) | −0.0216 | 0.0795 | 0.0193 | 0.0811 | 0.1451 *** | 0.0876 * | ||||||
(0.0574) | (0.0510) | (0.0476) | (0.0550) | (0.0500) | (0.0480) | |||||||
2.V6#c.X4(X6) | 0.1855 *** | 0.1313 *** | 0.0977 *** | 0.0077 | −0.0021 | −0.0061 | ||||||
(0.0265) | (0.0251) | (0.0236) | (0.0279) | (0.0258) | (0.0243) | |||||||
c.V8#c.X6 | 1.47 × 10−7 *** | 1.38 × 10−7 *** | 1.47 × 10−7 *** | 1.08 × 10−7 *** | 1.08 × 10−7 *** | 1.03 × 10−7 *** | ||||||
(3.01 × 10−8) | (3.06 × 10−8) | (3.30 × 10−8) | (2.73 × 10−8) | (2.78 × 10−8) | (2.87 × 10−8) | |||||||
1.V9#c.X4(X6) | 0.2019 *** | 0.2267 *** | −1.1462 *** | −0.0178 | −0.0579 | −0.0903 *** | ||||||
(0.0397) | (0.0394) | (0.1856) | (0.0367) | (0.0357) | (0.0342) | |||||||
Constant | 3.6269 *** | 3.7237 *** | 3.9598 *** | 5.6455 *** | 6.0933 *** | 6.1955 *** | 3.8555 *** | 4.1247 *** | 4.2538 *** | 3.9743 *** | 4.0557 *** | 3.8624 *** |
(0.2068) | (0.1925) | (0.1835) | (0.3262) | (0.3251) | (0.3172) | (0.1885) | (0.1806) | (0.1740) | (0.2765) | (0.2701) | (0.2590) |
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Variable | Symbol | Meaning and Assignment of Variables | Mean | Standard Deviation |
---|---|---|---|---|
Relative poverty line 40% | Y1 | 40% of the median per capita household income. Below which = 1, otherwise 0 | 0.2437 | 0.4293 |
Relative poverty line 50% | Y2 | 50% of the median per capita household income. Below which = 1, otherwise 0 | 0.2916 | 0.4545 |
Relative poverty line 60% | Y3 | 60% of the median per capita household income. Below which = 1, otherwise 0 | 0.3380 | 0.4730 |
Farmers’ level variables | ||||
Family size (person) | X1 | Total household population | 4.4329 | 1.9069 |
Average education years (year/person) | X2 | Converted based on years of schooling. Never attended school = 0, primary school = 6, junior high school = 9, high school = 12, technical secondary school/vocational high school = 12, college/vocational college = 15, undergraduate = 16, master’s degree = 19, doctoral degree = 23 | 7.3181 | 2.8726 |
Family labor burden coefficient | X3 | (Total Household Population-Number of Laborers)/Number of Laborers (15 years old ≤ Laborers ≤ 65 years old) | 0.5031 | 0.5587 |
The logarithm of per capita household operational income | X4 | The logarithm of per capita total operational income of households | 7.8601 | 1.3853 |
The logarithm of per capita household other income | X5 | Logarithm of per capita household other income | 7.1843 | 1.2091 |
The logarithm of per capita household transfer income | X6 | The logarithm of per capita total transferable income of households | 6.8971 | 1.3641 |
Improvement in living conditions | X7 | In the past two years, the overall family situation has not improved or is worse than before = 1; The overall family situation has improved compared to before = 2; | 1.5754 | 0.4943 |
Community level variables | ||||
Collective operating income | V1 | No collective operating income = 0; Collective operating income = 1 | 0.0801 | 0.2714 |
Total Collective Income Scale | V2 | Collective total income = 0, with a value of 0; 0 < collective total income CNY ≤ 200,000, with a value of 1; CNY 200,000 < collective total income, with a value of 2 | 0.9088 | 0.6728 |
Collective debt ratio | V3 | Total collective liabilities/total collective assets | 0.8943 | 3.1179 |
Proportion of collective investment | V4 | Collective economic investment expenditure/total community collective expenditure | 0.0746 | 0.2102 |
Dividend distribution for community residents | V5 | No community resident dividend distribution = 0; Dividend distribution for community residents = 1 | 0.2765 | 0.4473 |
Total collective expenditure scale | V6 | Collective total expenditure = 0, with a value of 0; 0 < total collective expenditure CNY ≤ 200,000, with a value of 1; CNY 200,000 < total collective expenditure, with a value of 2 | 1.1644 | 0.5215 |
Highly educated managers | V7 | No highly educated managers = 0; Highly educated manager = 1 | 0.3306 | 0.4704 |
Resident dividend distribution amount | V8 | Amount of resident dividends distributed by collective economy | 32,475.3 | 319,863 |
The logarithmic distribution of community residents’ dividends | LnV5 | The logarithm of the amount of dividends distributed to residents in the collective economy | 10.5981 | 1.9003 |
Reasonable financial management | V9 | Respondents believe that community financial management is unreasonable = 0; Respondents believe that community financial management is reasonable = 1; | 0.9131 | 0.2817 |
Y1 | Y2 | Y3 | |
---|---|---|---|
Fixed Effect | |||
Constant () | −1.3827 *** (0.0444) | −1.0818 *** (0.0429) | −0.8172 *** (0.0412) |
Random Effect | |||
Community Level (τ20) | 1.0537 | 1.0034 | 0.9332 |
ICC | 0.2426 | 0.2337 | 0.2210 |
Model A | Model B | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Y1 | Y2 | Y3 | Y1 | Y2 | Y3 | |
Farmers’ Level | ||||||
X1 | −0.0987 *** | −0.1013 *** | −0.0876 *** | −0.0988 *** | −0.1012 *** | −0.0916 *** |
(0.0088) | (0.0083) | (0.0080) | (0.0107) | (0.0101) | (0.0096) | |
X2 | −0.1673 *** | −0.1620 *** | −0.1669 *** | −0.1622 *** | −0.1590 *** | −0.1604 *** |
(0.0061) | (0.0057) | (0.0055) | (0.0073) | (0.0069) | (0.0066) | |
X3 | 0.4375 *** | 0.4404 *** | 0.4306 *** | 0.4163 *** | 0.4306 *** | 0.4157 *** |
(0.0256) | (0.0249) | (0.0245) | (0.0308) | (0.0298) | (0.0292) | |
X4 | −0.1735 *** | −0.19992 *** | −0.2141 *** | −0.1684 *** | −0.2061 *** | −0.2162 *** |
(0.0110) | (0.0105) | (0.0101) | (0.0132) | (0.0125) | (0.0120) | |
X5 | −0.1992 *** | −0.1793 *** | −0.1675 *** | −0.1944 *** | −0.1825 *** | −0.1568 *** |
(0.0126) | (0.0119) | (0.0114) | (0.0153) | (0.0145) | (0.0137) | |
X6 | −0.0804 *** | −0.0756 *** | −0.0597 *** | −0.0991 *** | −0.0843 *** | −0.0842 *** |
(0.0105) | (0.0010) | (0.0095) | (0.0128) | (0.0121) | (0.0115) | |
2.X7 | −0.4380 *** | −0.4412 *** | −0.4264 *** | −0.3695 *** | −0.3600 *** | −0.3409 *** |
(0.0291) | (0.0275) | (0.0263) | (0.0349) | (0.0330) | (0.0314) | |
Community Level | ||||||
1.V1 | −0.4062 * | −0.2954 | −0.2173 | |||
(0.2232) | (0.2144) | (0.1973) | ||||
1.V2 | 0.1468 | 0.1410 | 0.1168 | |||
(0.1222) | (0.1192) | (0.1104) | ||||
2.V2 | −0.3203 ** | −0.2909 ** | −0.3048 ** | |||
(0.1533) | (0.1492) | (0.1380) | ||||
V3 | −0.02488 | −0.0192 | −0.0122 | |||
(0.0153) | (0.0147) | (0.0135) | ||||
V4 | −0.5193 ** | −0.3834 | −0.2521 | |||
(0.2353) | (0.2269) | (0.2091) | ||||
1.V7 | −0.2167 ** | −0.2491 ** | −0.2183 ** | |||
(0.1043) | (0.1016) | (0.0939) | ||||
V8 | −3.91 × 10−7 ** | −4.76 × 10−7 *** | −5.08 × 10−7 *** | |||
(1.71 × 10−7) | (1.69 × 10−7) | (1.58 × 10−7) | ||||
Constant | 3.4483 *** | 3.7748 *** | 3.9580 *** | 3.5581 *** | 3.9383 *** | 4.0767 *** |
(0.1613) | (0.1534) | (0.1471) | (0.2159) | (0.2066) | (0.1956) | |
Random Effect | ||||||
τ20j | 1.0877 | 0.9957 | 0.8787 | 0.8889 | 0.8602 | 0.7388 |
ICC | 0.2485 | 0.2323 | 0.2108 | 0.2127 | 0.2073 | 0.1834 |
Model C | Model D | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Y1 | Y2 | Y3 | Y1 | Y2 | Y3 | |
(1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | |
Farmers’ Level | ||||||
X4 | −0.1793 *** | −0.1769 *** | −0.2017 *** | −0.3372 *** | −0.4064 *** | −0.4437 *** |
(0.0277) | (0.0263) | (0.0249) | (0.0493) | (0.0489) | (0.0467) | |
X5 | −0.2199 *** | −0.2062 *** | −0.1772 *** | −0.1975 *** | −0.1805 *** | −0.1540 *** |
(0.0149) | (0.0140) | (0.0133) | (0.0154) | (0.0146) | (0.0138) | |
X6 | −0.0969 *** | −0.0797 *** | −0.0759 *** | −0.0976 *** | −0.0838 *** | −0.0821 *** |
(0.0123) | (0.0116) | (0.0110) | (0.0129) | (0.0122) | (0.0115) | |
Control Variable | Control | Control | Control | Control | Control | Control |
Community Level | ||||||
1.V1 | −0.7890 | −0.7547 | −0.8546 * | |||
(0.5607) | (0.5127) | (0.4783) | ||||
1.V2 | 0.0115 | 0.3768 | 0.1683 | |||
(0.2608) | (0.2500) | (0.2382) | ||||
2.V2 | −1.2677 *** | −0.9694 *** | −1.0467 *** | |||
(0.3602) | (0.3428) | (0.3231) | ||||
V3 | 0.0835 * | 0.1013 *** | 0.0952 *** | |||
(0.0434) | (0.0384) | (0.0357) | ||||
V4 | 0.8860 | −0.4063 | −0.0170 | |||
(0.6046) | (0.5547) | (0.5094) | ||||
1.V5 | 1.4260 *** | 1.6819 *** | 1.6277*** | 1.5758 *** | 1.7839 *** | 1.9116 *** |
(0.4088) | (0.3945) | (0.3722) | (0.4386) | (0.4252) | (0.3986) | |
2.V6 | −2.2233 *** | −1.6862 *** | −1.4031 *** | |||
(0.2707) | (0.2588) | (0.2401) | ||||
1.V9 | −1.3127 *** | −1.6448 *** | −1.9525 *** | |||
(0.4019) | (0.4006) | (0.3847) | ||||
Interaction Term | ||||||
1.V1#c.X4 | 0.0448 | 0.0576 | 0.0829 | |||
(0.0700) | (0.0636) | (0.0588) | ||||
1.V2#c.X4 | 0.0039 | −0.0392 | −0.0187 | |||
(0.0332) | (0.0316) | (0.0299) | ||||
2.V2#c.X4 | 0.0922 ** | 0.0617 | 0.0698 * | |||
(0.0454) | (0.0431) | (0.0403) | ||||
c.V3#c.X4 | −0.0133 ** | −0.0148 *** | −0.0134 *** | |||
(0.0054) | (0.0048) | (0.0044) | ||||
c.V4#c.X4 | −0.1686 ** | 0.0196 | −0.0101 | |||
(0.0765) | (0.0690) | (0.0631) | ||||
1.V5#c.X4 | −0.2240 *** | −0.2683 *** | −0.2541 *** | −0.2360 *** | −0.2680 *** | −0.2812 *** |
(0.0524) | (0.0504) | (0.0471) | (0.0555) | (0.0537) | (0.0501) | |
2.V6#c.X4 | 0.2153 *** | 0.1409 *** | 0.1104 *** | |||
(0.0341) | (0.0325) | (0.0301) | ||||
1.V9#c.X4 | 0.1180 ** | 0.1605 *** | 0.2095 *** | |||
(0.0510) | (0.0506) | (0.0482) | ||||
Constant | 3.8207 *** | 3.8850 *** | 4.1328 *** | 5.2690 *** | 5.8722 *** | 6.1316 *** |
(0.2650) | (0.2525) | (0.2409) | (0.4193) | (0.4156) | (0.3988) | |
Random Effect | ||||||
τ20j | 0.9827 | 0.9633 | 0.8311 | 0.9085 | 0.9704 | 0.7568 |
ICC | 0.2300 | 0.2265 | 0.2017 | 0.2164 | 0.2278 | 0.1870 |
Model E | Model D | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Y1 | Y2 | Y3 | Y1 | Y2 | Y3 | |
(7) | (8) | (9) | (10) | (11) | (12) | |
Farmers’ Level | ||||||
X4 | −0.1572 *** | −0.1946 *** | −0.2130 *** | −0.1780 *** | −0.2218 *** | −0.2317 *** |
(0.0128) | (0.0123) | (0.0118) | (0.0133) | (0.0127) | (0.0121) | |
X5 | −0.2268 *** | −0.2094 *** | −0.1790 *** | −0.2000 *** | −0.1811 *** | −0.1528 *** |
(0.0149) | (0.0141) | (0.0134) | (0.0154) | (0.0146) | (0.0138) | |
X6 | −0.1832 *** | −0.1625 *** | −0.1527 *** | −0.0888 * | −0.0382 | −0.0029 |
(0.0276) | (0.0272) | (0.0254) | (0.0474) | (0.0472) | (0.0433) | |
Control Variable | Control | Control | Control | Control | Control | Control |
Community Level | ||||||
1.V1 | −0.8461 * | −1.5015 *** | −0.7279 | |||
(0.5047) | (0.4793) | (0.4427) | ||||
1.V2 | −0.4483 * | −0.4034 * | −0.4905 ** | |||
(0.2302) | (0.2277) | (0.2130) | ||||
2.V2 | −0.4102 | −0.5702* | −0.6561 ** | |||
(0.3269) | (0.3187) | (0.2945) | ||||
V3 | −0.1121 *** | −0.0403 | −0.0316 | |||
(0.0374) | (0.0319) | (0.0281) | ||||
V8 | −1.35 × 10−6 *** | −1.33 × 10−6 *** | −1.51 × 10−6 *** | −1.20 × 10−6 ** | −1.22 × 10−6 ** | −1.22 × 10−6 ** |
(5.00 × 10−7) | (5.02 × 10−7) | (4.96 × 10−7) | (4.91 × 10−7) | (4.96 × 10−7) | (4.77 × 10−7) | |
V4 | −1.4987 *** | −1.6381 *** | −1.0725 ** | |||
(0.5078) | (0.4810) | (0.4335) | ||||
2.V6 | −0.4758 * | −0.4409 * | −0.4031 * | |||
(0.2436) | (0.2383) | (0.2174) | ||||
1.V9 | 0.0455 | 0.2758 | 0.5066 | |||
(0.3417) | (0.3426) | (0.3163) | ||||
Interaction Term | ||||||
1.V1#c.X6 | 0.0603 | 0.1699 ** | 0.0726 | |||
(0.0724) | (0.0680) | (0.0632) | ||||
1.V2#c.X6 | 0.0709 ** | 0.0700 ** | 0.0767** | |||
(0.0332) | (0.0328) | (0.0307) | ||||
2.V2#c.X6 | −0.0250 | 0.0041 | 0.0185 | |||
(0.0474) | (0.0460) | (0.0424) | ||||
c.V3#c.X6 | 0.0123 ** | 0.0030 | 0.0024 | |||
(0.0052) | (0.0046) | (0.0040) | ||||
c.V8#c.X6 | 1.19 × 10−7 * | 9.85 × 10−8 | 1.22 × 10−7 * | 1.14 × 10−7 * | 1.02 × 10−7 ** | 9.93 × 10−8 |
(6.63 × 10−8) | (6.70 × 10−8) | (6.54 × 10−8) | (6.51 × 10−8) | (6.60 × 10−8) | (6.32 × 10−8) | |
c.V4#c.X6 | 0.1531 ** | 0.1954 *** | 0.1360 ** | |||
(0.0726) | (0.0685) | (0.0616) | ||||
2.V6#c.X6 | −0.0130 | −0.0246 | −0.0212 | |||
(0.0354) | (0.0345) | (0.0313) | ||||
1.V9#c.X6 | −0.0629 | −0.0990 ** | −0.1212 *** | |||
(0.0495) | (0.0493) | (0.0452) | ||||
Constant | 4.2549 *** | 4.5544 *** | 4.7027 *** | 3.9599 *** | 4.1012 *** | 3.9039 *** |
(0.2497) | (0.2434) | (0.2297) | (0.3661) | (0.3640) | (0.3377) | |
Random Effect | ||||||
τ20j | 0.9782 | 1.1847 | 0.9499 | 0.8806 | 1.1010 | 0.7995 |
ICC | 0.2292 | 0.2648 | 0.2240 | 0.2112 | 0.2507 | 0.1955 |
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Yi, S.; Huo, Z.; Zhang, M.; Chen, F. An Empirical Study of New Rural Collective Economic Organization in Alleviating Relative Poverty among Farmers. Sustainability 2023, 15, 14126. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151914126
Yi S, Huo Z, Zhang M, Chen F. An Empirical Study of New Rural Collective Economic Organization in Alleviating Relative Poverty among Farmers. Sustainability. 2023; 15(19):14126. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151914126
Chicago/Turabian StyleYi, Shu, Zenghui Huo, Mei Zhang, and Fuqiao Chen. 2023. "An Empirical Study of New Rural Collective Economic Organization in Alleviating Relative Poverty among Farmers" Sustainability 15, no. 19: 14126. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151914126