Feasibility Assessment of a Magnetic Layer Detection Method for Field Applications
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Site
2.2. Measurement Methods
2.2.1. The EP Method
2.2.2. The RP Method
2.2.3. The LS Method
2.2.4. The MLD Method
2.3. Field Experiments
2.3.1. Simulated Sediment Siltation Experiment
2.3.2. Simulated Rainfall Experiment
2.3.3. Soil Scouring Experiment
2.4. Data Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Assessing the MLD Method Based on the Simulated Sediment Siltation Experiment
3.2. Assessing the MLD Method Based on the Simulated Rainfall Experiment
3.3. Assessing the MLD Method Based on the Soil Scouring Experiment
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Item | MLD | EP | LS | RP |
---|---|---|---|---|
Working mechanism | Magnetic susceptibility (MS, k) of surface soil layer thickness (SLT, H) is rapidly determined using the MS2D field probe, and then the SLT is calculated by the conversion equation H = f(k); the difference between the two SLTs represents the eroded SLT | The eroded surface SLT is determined using a measuring scale before and after an erosion period | The three-dimensional laser scanner uses laser ranging technology, external reference items, and an internal coordinate system to produce a three-dimensional point cloud | The runoff plot method involves surrounding a specified space, leaving an outlet on one side, and setting up a runoff bucket beneath to collect sediment after a rainfall event |
Measurement accuracy | <±2 mm within the SLT of 80 mm [61] | Roughly ±1 mm of the eroded surface SLT [67] | 2 ± 0.002 mm [68] | No error by default and used as a control |
Measurement depth | Roughly 20 cm | Roughly 30 cm | The surface reached by the laser | Depends on the volume of erosion |
Measurement area | About 572.56 cm2 (the MS2D probe covers a circular area with a diameter of 27 cm) | About 70.88 cm2 (there is a glass plate with a diameter of 9.5 cm around the erosion pin) | The area of the entire plot | The area of the entire plot |
Measurement time cost | About 1 s per measurement | About 1 s per measurement | About 0.5 h per measurement | About 9 h per measurement |
Equipment cost (USD) | About USD 10,000 per instrument (Bartington MS2 meter and MS2D probe) | About USD 1 per stick (measuring scale) | About USD 75,000 per instrument | About USD 100 per set (scouring experiment) |
Application area | Used in water erosion and wind erosion | Widely used in water erosion and wind erosion | Used in water erosion and wind erosion | Used in water erosion |
Time required for data processing | About 1 min per treatment | About 1 min per treatment | About 1 h per treatment | About 1 min per treatment |
No. | Rainfall Events | Treatments | Rainfall Intensity (mm/min) | No. | Rainfall Events | Treatments Coverage (%) | Rainfall Intensity (mm/min) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 1 | Bare soil 1 | 67.84 | 13 | 1 | Grassland 1 (10%) | 30.15 |
2 | 2 | Bare soil 1 | 90.45 | 14 | 2 | Grassland 1 (10%) | 45.23 |
3 | 3 | Bare soil 1 | 105.53 | 15 | 3 | Grassland 1 (10%) | 57.29 |
4 | 4 | Bare soil 1 | 113.07 | 16 | 4 | Grassland 1 (10%) | 90.45 |
5 | 1 | Bare soil 2 | 90.45 | 17 | 1 | Grassland 2 (20%) | 75.38 |
6 | 2 | Bare soil 2 | 90.45 | 18 | 2 | Grassland 2 (20%) | 82.92 |
7 | 3 | Bare soil 2 | 97.99 | 19 | 3 | Grassland 2 (20%) | 82.92 |
8 | 4 | Bare soil 2 | 105.53 | 20 | 4 | Grassland 2 (20%) | 97.99 |
9 | 1 | Bare soil 3 | 37.69 | 21 | 1 | Grassland 3 (30%) | 75.38 |
10 | 2 | Bare soil 3 | 75.38 | 22 | 2 | Grassland 3 (30%) | 75.38 |
11 | 3 | Bare soil 3 | 90.45 | 23 | 3 | Grassland 3 (30%) | 87.44 |
12 | 4 | Bare soil 3 | 105.53 | 24 | 4 | Grassland 3 (30%) | 90.45 |
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Li, C.; Liu, L.; Huang, M.; Shi, Y. Feasibility Assessment of a Magnetic Layer Detection Method for Field Applications. Sustainability 2023, 15, 14263. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151914263
Li C, Liu L, Huang M, Shi Y. Feasibility Assessment of a Magnetic Layer Detection Method for Field Applications. Sustainability. 2023; 15(19):14263. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151914263
Chicago/Turabian StyleLi, Chenhui, Liang Liu, Mingbin Huang, and Yafang Shi. 2023. "Feasibility Assessment of a Magnetic Layer Detection Method for Field Applications" Sustainability 15, no. 19: 14263. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151914263