Feasibility Study of a Micro Hydro Power Plant for Rural Electrification in Lalumpe Village, North Sulawesi, Indonesia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
- Study Area Selection: The first step in the methodology is to select Lalumpe Village as the study area. Considerations such as the village’s energy needs, geographical location, water resources availability, and accessibility are taken into account. Collaboration with local authorities and community leaders is established to ensure their support and participation in the study.
- Data Collection: The data collection involves gathering relevant information to assess the feasibility of a micro hydro system in Lalumpe Village. The following data sources and methods are utilized:
- a.
- Resource Assessment: Conduct a field survey to measure stream flow rates, head, and other hydrological parameters. Gather topographical data through satellite imagery and land surveys to identify potential micro hydro sites.
- b.
- Energy Demand Assessment: Conduct surveys and interviews with community members to determine the energy needs of Lalumpe Village. Collect data on current energy sources, consumption patterns, and load requirements.
- c.
- Financial Data: Collect data on project costs, including equipment, construction, installation, and operation and maintenance expenses. Explore funding options, grants, and financial incentives available for renewable energy projects.
- Technical Design: Based on the resource assessment data, develop a technical design for the micro hydro system. Determine the appropriate turbine type, capacity, and distribution infrastructure required to meet the energy demand of Lalumpe Village. Consider the specific characteristics of the water resources and topography identified in the resource assessment.
- Economic Analysis: Perform an economic analysis to evaluate the financial feasibility of the micro hydro project. Calculate the initial investment costs, including equipment, construction, and installation expenses. Estimate the operation and maintenance costs and assess the potential revenue generation from electricity sales or other income streams. Apply financial indicators such as net present value (NPV), internal rate of return (IRR), and payback period (PB) to assess the economic viability of the project.
- Discussion and Recommendations: Compile the findings of the feasibility study into a comprehensive report with the technical and economic assessments. Provide clear recommendations on the viability of the micro hydro project in Lalumpe Village, including potential funding sources, implementation strategies, and future planned works for implementation.
3. Results
3.1. Study Area Selection
3.2. Technical Assessment
3.2.1. Resource Assessment
- Hydrological Data Collection: The stream flow rates, water levels, and other hydrological parameters were measured at various points within the potential micro hydro sites. The flow of water in a natural river is typically measured in cubic meters per second (cms) or cubic feet per second (cfs). Weirs and flumes are structures installed in a river to create a specific flow constriction. By measuring the water level upstream or downstream of the weir or flume, and knowing the geometry of the structure, the flow rate can be calculated. The result of the stream flow measurement is presented in Table 1.
- Topographical Survey: A topographical survey of the selected micro hydro sites was conducted using land surveying equipment. The elevation differences (head) between the intake and turbine locations was identified to determine the available energy potential. The result of these measurement of the river head is presented in Table 1.
3.2.2. System Design
- Turbine Selection: An appropriate turbine type was selected based on the available head and flow rate. The considered factors were efficiency, maintenance requirements, and cost-effectiveness.
- b.
- System Capacity: The required capacity of the micro hydro system to meet the energy needs of Lalumpe Village was determined. The village’s current and future energy demand, seasonal variations, and load requirements were considered.
3.2.3. Equipment Selection
- b.
- Penstock: The optimal diameter and material for the penstock were determine, considering the head, flow rate, and distance between the intake and turbine, as shown in Figure 6.
- c.
- Turbine and Generator: A turbine and generator combination was selected that matched the specific site conditions and system requirements.
3.3. Economical Assessment
3.3.1. Cost Estimation
- Equipment Costs: The costs of turbines, generators, penstocks, intakes, transmission lines, and other necessary equipment based on market prices and project-specific requirements.
- Construction Costs: The costs of civil works, such as excavation, concrete structures, and installation of equipment considering the site conditions and accessibility when assessing the construction costs.
- Miscellaneous Costs: The ongoing costs associated with operating and maintaining the micro hydro system.
3.3.2. Revenue Generation
- Electricity Sales: the revenue that can be generated by selling the excess electricity generated by the micro hydro system to the local grid or nearby communities was estimated.
- Off-Grid Applications: Potential revenue streams from off-grid applications were identified, such as providing electricity to local businesses, community facilities, or agricultural operations. The market demand and potential income from these sources were assessed.
3.3.3. Financial Analysis
- a.
- Net Present Value (NPV): The Net Present Value represents the difference between the present value of cash inflows and outflows over a specified time period. The NPV was calculated by discounting the projected cash flows over the project’s lifespan to their present value. The appropriate discount rate that reflects the project’s risks and opportunity costs was considered. The discount rate can be found using the interest rate; in this study, it was assumed that the interest rate is 10% (based on the data in 2020 at https://www.statista.com/statistics/794458/indonesia-real-interest-rates/ accessed on 27 August 2023). The Net Present Value can be calculated using the following equation:
- b.
- Internal Rate of Return (IRR)
- c.
- The payback period is defined as the time required for the project to recover its initial costs. In this study, the calculation of the payback period is equal to the initial investment for the project divided by the cash flow per year.
4. Discussion
- Community Engagement: Engaging with the local community and stakeholders to understand their perspectives, concerns, and aspirations related to the project. Incorporating their input into the project design and decision-making processes.
- Cultural Heritage: Identifying and assessing any potential impacts on cultural heritage sites or traditions in the project area. Developing mitigation measures to protect and preserve cultural assets, if applicable.
- Social Benefits: Identifying the potential positive impacts of the micro hydro project on the local community, such as increased access to electricity, improved livelihoods, and enhanced educational opportunities.
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameter | Low | Medium | High |
---|---|---|---|
Waterflow rate (m3/s) | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.7 |
Head (m) | 3 | 4 | 5 |
Efficiency | 0.85 | 0.85 | 0.85 |
Power (kW) | 12.5 | 20 | 29.2 |
Power Generation (kW) | Investment Cost (USD) | Energy Generation (kWh/Year) | Electricity Sales (USD) |
---|---|---|---|
12.5 | 25,000 | 76,650 | 7665 |
20 | 40,000 | 122,640 | 12,264 |
29 | 58,000 | 179,054 | 17,905.4 |
Year | Discount Factor | Cash Flow (USD) | Present Value (USD) |
---|---|---|---|
0 | 1 | −25,000 | −25,000 |
1 | 0.91 | 7165 | 6513.64 |
2 | 0.83 | 7165 | 5921.49 |
3 | 0.75 | 7165 | 5383.17 |
4 | 0.68 | 7165 | 4893.79 |
5 | 0.62 | 7165 | 4448.90 |
6 | 0.56 | 7165 | 4044.46 |
7 | 0.51 | 7165 | 3676.78 |
8 | 0.47 | 7165 | 3342.53 |
9 | 0.42 | 7165 | 3038.66 |
10 | 0.39 | 7165 | 2762.42 |
NPV | 19,025.82 |
Parameter | MHPP Capacity of 12.5 kW | MHPP Capacity of 20 kW | MHPP Capacity of 29 kW |
---|---|---|---|
Initial investment (USD) | −25,000 | −40,000 | −58,000 |
Cash flow per year (USD) | 7165 | 11,764 | 16,705 |
NPV (USD) | $19,025.82 | $32,284.69 | $42,644.99 |
IRR | 26% | 27% | 25% |
Payback period (years) | 3.5 | 3.4 | 3.6 |
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Share and Cite
Rumbayan, M.; Rumbayan, R. Feasibility Study of a Micro Hydro Power Plant for Rural Electrification in Lalumpe Village, North Sulawesi, Indonesia. Sustainability 2023, 15, 14285. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151914285
Rumbayan M, Rumbayan R. Feasibility Study of a Micro Hydro Power Plant for Rural Electrification in Lalumpe Village, North Sulawesi, Indonesia. Sustainability. 2023; 15(19):14285. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151914285
Chicago/Turabian StyleRumbayan, Meita, and Rilya Rumbayan. 2023. "Feasibility Study of a Micro Hydro Power Plant for Rural Electrification in Lalumpe Village, North Sulawesi, Indonesia" Sustainability 15, no. 19: 14285. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151914285